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Questions and Answers
What is the primary hormone involved in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics?
What is the primary hormone involved in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics?
Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
True
What is the term for the first period that marks the beginning of a woman's reproductive life?
What is the term for the first period that marks the beginning of a woman's reproductive life?
Menarche
The _____ produces oestrogen during the menstrual cycle.
The _____ produces oestrogen during the menstrual cycle.
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Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the transformation of the empty follicle into the corpus luteum?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the transformation of the empty follicle into the corpus luteum?
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Progesterone is responsible for maintaining the endometrium during the luteal phase.
Progesterone is responsible for maintaining the endometrium during the luteal phase.
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During which days of the menstrual cycle is fertilization most likely to occur?
During which days of the menstrual cycle is fertilization most likely to occur?
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Match the hormone with its function.
Match the hormone with its function.
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What hormone is produced by the placenta that maintains the endometrium during pregnancy?
What hormone is produced by the placenta that maintains the endometrium during pregnancy?
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Oestrogen causes the anterior pituitary gland to increase the production of FSH.
Oestrogen causes the anterior pituitary gland to increase the production of FSH.
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What is the function of the corpus luteum?
What is the function of the corpus luteum?
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The surge in ______ stimulates ovulation.
The surge in ______ stimulates ovulation.
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Which hormone is responsible for repairing and thickening the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
Which hormone is responsible for repairing and thickening the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
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The endometrium degrades and prepares to be shed during days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle.
The endometrium degrades and prepares to be shed during days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle.
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Match the hormone with its primary action:
Match the hormone with its primary action:
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The negative feedback mechanism involving oestrogen stops the production of ______.
The negative feedback mechanism involving oestrogen stops the production of ______.
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What is the purpose of monitoring developing follicles by ultrasound scanning?
What is the purpose of monitoring developing follicles by ultrasound scanning?
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Low testosterone levels in males cannot be treated with hormone replacement therapy.
Low testosterone levels in males cannot be treated with hormone replacement therapy.
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What is formed after the fertilization of an egg?
What is formed after the fertilization of an egg?
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The process in which cells begin to change in structure and function is called __________.
The process in which cells begin to change in structure and function is called __________.
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Match the term with its correct definition:
Match the term with its correct definition:
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Which factor can lead to low sperm mobility in males?
Which factor can lead to low sperm mobility in males?
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A woman’s menstrual cycle regulates the production of eggs at any stage.
A woman’s menstrual cycle regulates the production of eggs at any stage.
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What connects the blastocyst to the uterus during implantation?
What connects the blastocyst to the uterus during implantation?
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Study Notes
Endometrium and Pregnancy
- The endometrium degenerates and prepares for shedding if fertilization does not occur by day 28 of the menstrual cycle.
- Human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone (hCG) produced by the placenta maintains the endometrium during pregnancy.
- hCG detection is the basis for standard pregnancy tests.
Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates primary oocyte development into an ovum within the Graafian follicle.
- The developing Graafian follicle secretes oestrogen, which:
- Repairs and thickens the endometrium.
- Signals the anterior pituitary to decrease FSH production (negative feedback).
- Stimulates the anterior pituitary to increase luteinising hormone (LH) production (positive feedback).
- A surge in LH triggers the final maturation of the Graafian follicle and ovulation, enhancing female receptivity to mating.
- LH inhibits FSH production and promotes the transformation of the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum.
- The corpus luteum produces progesterone, contributing to secondary sexual characteristics and maintaining endometrial structure.
Menstrual Cycle Phases
- The menstrual cycle begins at menarche during puberty, occurring between ages 9 to 15, and continues until menopause in late forties to early fifties.
- Day one marks the onset of menstruation lasting four to five days.
- Day five initiates endometrial buildup in anticipation of fertilization, influenced by oestrogen from the Graafian follicle.
- Days 9 to 15 constitute the fertile window, with day 14 being ovulation when the egg is released from the Graafian follicle.
- Post-ovulation, days 15 to 21 see the formation of the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone to maintain a suitable endometrial environment.
- If fertilization does not occur by day 28, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decrease in progesterone and the eventual breakdown of the endometrium.
Infertility Causes
- Male infertility can stem from:
- Low sperm count linked to smoking or excessive alcohol use.
- Low sperm mobility from malformation.
- Low testosterone levels from endocrine issues, treatable via hormone replacement therapy.
- High temperatures affecting sperm viability, often due to tight underwear.
- Female infertility may arise from:
- Blockages in the fallopian tubes, frequently due to infections like chlamydia.
- Endocrine gland failures, which can also be addressed by hormone replacement therapy.
Stages of Development
- Fertilization initiates the zygote's division through mitosis, forming a morula by day three, consisting of 16 cells.
- Further division leads to a blastocyst, a hollow ball of cells.
- Differentiation occurs as cells alter in structure and function as they develop distinct layers known as germ layers.
- Around day seven, the blastocyst reaches the uterus and begins implantation by forming connections that will eventually give rise to the placenta.
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Description
Explore the intricate relationship between hormones and the menstrual cycle in this quiz. Learn about the roles of hCG, FSH, and the changes in the endometrium throughout the cycle. This quiz will enhance your understanding of reproductive biology and hormones.
