Questions and Answers
The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are called _____.
hormones
Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts, leading to body surfaces or cavities.
True
Water-soluble hormones pass through the plasma membrane on their own.
False
Steroid hormones are lipid soluble.
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When the increased blood level of the hormone inhibits its further release, what mechanism is at work?
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Inhibiting hormones and releasing hormones are secreted by the _____.
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When the response of a tissue to the combination of two hormones is much greater than its response to either individual hormone, the interaction is said to be _____.
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Red bone marrow cells respond to a hormone called erythropoietin. Why don't liver or kidney cells respond to this hormone?
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Growth hormone stimulates growth, especially in muscles and bones. What specific structure in bones contains many target cells for this hormone?
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Oversecretion of which hormone will result in acromegaly?
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Which hormone stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk, but in excess can cause infertility and lactation when birth has not occurred?
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Tropic hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland include _____.
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Study Notes
Hormones and the Endocrine System
- Hormones are chemical messengers affecting target cells with specific receptors throughout the body.
- Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts leading to surfaces or cavities, while endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream.
Hormone Characteristics
- Water-soluble hormones (amino acid-based) cannot pass through the plasma membrane; they bind to receptors on the surface, utilizing second-messenger systems to exert effects.
- Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, allowing them to pass through the plasma membrane and bind with receptors inside target cells, influencing gene expression directly.
Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative feedback mechanisms inhibit hormone release when blood levels rise, while positive feedback mechanisms enhance the process (e.g., oxytocin during childbirth).
Hypothalamus and Hormone Regulation
- Inhibiting and releasing hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus, which regulate the activity of the anterior pituitary through capillary transport.
Hormonal Interactions
- Synergistic interactions occur when the combined effects of two hormones exceed their individual effects.
- Antagonistic hormones oppose each other's actions, while permissive interactions require one hormone's presence to enable another's effects.
Target Cell and Hormone Specificity
- Only target cells with appropriate receptors respond to specific hormones, exemplified by erythropoietin targeting red bone marrow but not affecting liver or kidney cells.
Growth Hormone Effects
- Growth hormone primarily stimulates growth in muscles and bones, with the epiphyseal plate in long bones housing many target cells for this hormone.
- Excessive growth hormone production in adults can lead to acromegaly, characterized by thickened bones.
Specific Hormones and Their Functions
- Prolactin stimulates milk production in mammary glands and can cause infertility and lactation in excess.
- Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary influence other endocrine glands, including:
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid hormone production.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Regulates glucocorticoid hormone secretion from adrenal glands.
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Promotes egg development and estrogen secretion in females, sperm production in males.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of hormones and the endocrine system in this quiz. Delve into their characteristics, functions, and the regulatory mechanisms that ensure homeostasis in the body. Understand how different types of hormones interact with target cells and influence various physiological processes.
