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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes the endocrine system from other physiological systems?
What distinguishes the endocrine system from other physiological systems?
Which type of hormones are the most numerous in the body?
Which type of hormones are the most numerous in the body?
How does the diversity of hormones change as one moves from simple to higher life forms?
How does the diversity of hormones change as one moves from simple to higher life forms?
What are the mediators of control mechanisms in endocrine physiology?
What are the mediators of control mechanisms in endocrine physiology?
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What influences the ultimate biologic activity and/or stability of mature hormones?
What influences the ultimate biologic activity and/or stability of mature hormones?
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How are many hormones secreted?
How are many hormones secreted?
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What regulates the secretion of continually released hormones like steroids?
What regulates the secretion of continually released hormones like steroids?
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What protein plays a role in trafficking cholesterol for steroid biosynthesis?
What protein plays a role in trafficking cholesterol for steroid biosynthesis?
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What influences the circulating levels of hormones in addition to the rate of secretion and its nature?
What influences the circulating levels of hormones in addition to the rate of secretion and its nature?
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What is one of the important functions of plasma carriers for specific hormones?
What is one of the important functions of plasma carriers for specific hormones?
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How do plasma carriers help in smoothing fluctuations in hormonal levels over time?
How do plasma carriers help in smoothing fluctuations in hormonal levels over time?
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Why are plasma carriers considered vital in modulating levels of free hormones?
Why are plasma carriers considered vital in modulating levels of free hormones?
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What type of hormones are mostly bound to large proteins called steroid binding proteins (SBP)?
What type of hormones are mostly bound to large proteins called steroid binding proteins (SBP)?
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What is the main function of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)?
What is the main function of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)?
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Why are only small amounts of free hormone dissolved in the plasma?
Why are only small amounts of free hormone dissolved in the plasma?
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What happens when the equilibrium between SBP-hormone complex and free hormone changes?
What happens when the equilibrium between SBP-hormone complex and free hormone changes?
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What distinguishes the endocrine system from other physiological systems?
What distinguishes the endocrine system from other physiological systems?
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Why do the number of hormones and their diversity increase as one moves from simple to higher life forms?
Why do the number of hormones and their diversity increase as one moves from simple to higher life forms?
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Which type of hormones are by far the most numerous?
Which type of hormones are by far the most numerous?
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What is the main evolutionary trend seen in hormones as organisms become more complex?
What is the main evolutionary trend seen in hormones as organisms become more complex?
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Which factor influences the circulating half-life of a hormone and has therapeutic implications for hormone replacement therapy?
Which factor influences the circulating half-life of a hormone and has therapeutic implications for hormone replacement therapy?
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What is one of the important physiologic functions of plasma carriers for specific hormones?
What is one of the important physiologic functions of plasma carriers for specific hormones?
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How do plasma carriers help restrict the access of hormones to some sites?
How do plasma carriers help restrict the access of hormones to some sites?
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What is a key function of plasma carriers in modulating levels of free hormones?
What is a key function of plasma carriers in modulating levels of free hormones?
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Which class of hormones predominantly exerts their actions via nuclear receptors?
Which class of hormones predominantly exerts their actions via nuclear receptors?
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Which hormone regulates plasma volume by affecting serum electrolytes?
Which hormone regulates plasma volume by affecting serum electrolytes?
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What is the primary action of mineralocorticoids in the body?
What is the primary action of mineralocorticoids in the body?
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How do hydrophilic hormones typically exert their acute effects?
How do hydrophilic hormones typically exert their acute effects?
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How can the availability of hormones that bind to carrier proteins, like steroids, be regulated?
How can the availability of hormones that bind to carrier proteins, like steroids, be regulated?
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In a pathophysiologic scenario, what effect can certain medications have on hormone levels?
In a pathophysiologic scenario, what effect can certain medications have on hormone levels?
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Why is the temporal window for hormone action limited in some cases?
Why is the temporal window for hormone action limited in some cases?
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What role do free hormones play in the feedback and control mechanisms within the endocrine system?
What role do free hormones play in the feedback and control mechanisms within the endocrine system?
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Peptide hormones are distinguished by their ability to diffuse freely through the cell membrane.
Peptide hormones are distinguished by their ability to diffuse freely through the cell membrane.
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Steroids and thyroid hormones primarily act on nuclear receptors located in the cytoplasm.
Steroids and thyroid hormones primarily act on nuclear receptors located in the cytoplasm.
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Hormone receptors needed to evolve in order to allow for spreading of hormone actions.
Hormone receptors needed to evolve in order to allow for spreading of hormone actions.
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The distinctive β-chains of TSH, FSH, and LH arose from a common ancestral gene through divergent evolution.
The distinctive β-chains of TSH, FSH, and LH arose from a common ancestral gene through divergent evolution.
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Pulsatile secretion of hormones is primarily triggered by the activity of oscillators in the pituitary gland.
Pulsatile secretion of hormones is primarily triggered by the activity of oscillators in the pituitary gland.
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Hormones secreted in a pulsatile manner carry the same information to target tissues as hormones exposed to a constant concentration.
Hormones secreted in a pulsatile manner carry the same information to target tissues as hormones exposed to a constant concentration.
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Pulsatile secretion of hormones presents challenges for hormone replacement therapy when a hormone needs to be replaced due to excess secretion.
Pulsatile secretion of hormones presents challenges for hormone replacement therapy when a hormone needs to be replaced due to excess secretion.
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The main function of pulsatile secretion is to ensure a constant and steady supply of hormones to the body's target tissues.
The main function of pulsatile secretion is to ensure a constant and steady supply of hormones to the body's target tissues.
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Steroid hormones are soluble in plasma and can freely access the extravascular compartment.
Steroid hormones are soluble in plasma and can freely access the extravascular compartment.
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Catecholamine and most peptide hormones are transported in a bound form by steroid binding proteins (SBP).
Catecholamine and most peptide hormones are transported in a bound form by steroid binding proteins (SBP).
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Sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) primarily binds to cortisol and corticosteroids.
Sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) primarily binds to cortisol and corticosteroids.
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Only the SBP-hormone complex is able to diffuse across cell membranes.
Only the SBP-hormone complex is able to diffuse across cell membranes.
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Thyroid hormone predominantly acts on nuclear receptors.
Thyroid hormone predominantly acts on nuclear receptors.
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Insulin is a hydrophobic hormone that binds to cell surface receptors.
Insulin is a hydrophobic hormone that binds to cell surface receptors.
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Cortisol regulates plasma volume via effects on serum electrolytes.
Cortisol regulates plasma volume via effects on serum electrolytes.
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Parathyroid hormone controls basal metabolism in most tissues.
Parathyroid hormone controls basal metabolism in most tissues.
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What is a critical mechanism for regulating the bioavailability of thyroid hormones?
What is a critical mechanism for regulating the bioavailability of thyroid hormones?
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How can medications in a pathophysiologic setting affect hormone levels?
How can medications in a pathophysiologic setting affect hormone levels?
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What is a key factor that influences the temporal window for hormone action?
What is a key factor that influences the temporal window for hormone action?
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How do hormones primarily bring about changes in ion channel activity?
How do hormones primarily bring about changes in ion channel activity?
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What is the ultimate purpose of the action of hormones on target cells?
What is the ultimate purpose of the action of hormones on target cells?
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