Hormone Therapy for Menopause

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What is the primary indication for hormonal therapy in menopause?

Treatment of osteoporosis

Prevention of breast cancer

Treatment of sleep disturbances

Relief of vasomotor symptoms (correct)

What is the recommended duration of hormone therapy?

For the shortest duration of time (correct)

Until the symptoms resolve

Until the age of 60

For at least 10 years

What is the benefit of systemic hormonal therapy in preventing osteoporosis?

Reduced risk of osteoporosis (correct)

Increased risk of osteoporosis

Unknown effect on osteoporosis

No effect on osteoporosis

What is the increased risk associated with combination HRT?

Breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

Why should unopposed estrogen be avoided in women with a uterus?

Due to the risk of hypertrophy and cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the comparative potency of estrogen used for MHT and oral contraceptives?

Estrogen used for MHT is less potent Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of including a progestin in hormonal treatment for postmenopausal women with an intact uterus?

To reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternative to progesterone used to reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer?

Bazedoxifene Signup and view all the answers

What are the beneficial effects of Tibolone on menopausal symptoms?

Improves vaginal atrophy and reduces the risk of vertebral fractures Signup and view all the answers

Why is Tibolone not approved for use in the United States?

The reason is not specified in the text Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of local estrogen treatment?

To relieve urogenital symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the symptoms experienced by women who are not on systemic hormonal therapy?

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for not using paroxetine and fluoxetine concurrently with tamoxifen?

They inhibit the CYP2D6 enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of clonidine in preventing migraines and menopausal hot flushes?

Stimulation of presynaptic α2-receptors peripherally Signup and view all the answers

What is the main adverse effect associated with the use of clonidine?

Drowsiness and dry mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of systemic HRT in osteoporosis management?

To prevent osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates in treating osteoporosis?

Inhibit osteoclast action and bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of local estrogen therapy on vaginal flora?

It allows lactobacillus to dominate the flora Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with long-term use of bisphosphonates?

Adynamic bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of tamoxifen on estrogen receptor positive breast cancer?

It prevents receptor activation by endogenous estrogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of tamoxifen on bone in postmenopausal women?

It prevents osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of raloxifene on the endometrium?

It has no effect on the endometrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of tamoxifen on hot flushes?

It increases the frequency of hot flushes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of tamoxifen on the risk of venous thrombosis?

It increases the risk of venous thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of denosumab in menopausal women with osteoporosis?

Increases bone density and reduces fracture risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of denosumab administration?

Biannually Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of denosumab on osteoclasts?

Inhibits osteoclasts, decreasing bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of administration for denosumab?

Subcutaneous injection Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapies are included in conservative management of urinary incontinence?

Lifestyle interventions and behavioral therapies Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of bladder training in managing urinary incontinence?

To modify voiding patterns Signup and view all the answers