30 Questions
What is the primary indication for hormonal therapy in menopause?
Relief of vasomotor symptoms
What is the recommended duration of hormone therapy?
For the shortest duration of time
What is the benefit of systemic hormonal therapy in preventing osteoporosis?
Reduced risk of osteoporosis
What is the increased risk associated with combination HRT?
Breast cancer
Why should unopposed estrogen be avoided in women with a uterus?
Due to the risk of hypertrophy and cancer
What is the comparative potency of estrogen used for MHT and oral contraceptives?
Estrogen used for MHT is less potent
What is the purpose of including a progestin in hormonal treatment for postmenopausal women with an intact uterus?
To reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
What is an alternative to progesterone used to reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer?
Bazedoxifene
What are the beneficial effects of Tibolone on menopausal symptoms?
Improves vaginal atrophy and reduces the risk of vertebral fractures
Why is Tibolone not approved for use in the United States?
The reason is not specified in the text
What is the purpose of local estrogen treatment?
To relieve urogenital symptoms
What is the term used to describe the symptoms experienced by women who are not on systemic hormonal therapy?
Genitourinary syndrome of menopause
What is the reason for not using paroxetine and fluoxetine concurrently with tamoxifen?
They inhibit the CYP2D6 enzyme
What is the mechanism of action of clonidine in preventing migraines and menopausal hot flushes?
Stimulation of presynaptic α2-receptors peripherally
What is the main adverse effect associated with the use of clonidine?
Drowsiness and dry mouth
What is the primary goal of systemic HRT in osteoporosis management?
To prevent osteoporosis
What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates in treating osteoporosis?
Inhibit osteoclast action and bone resorption
What is the effect of local estrogen therapy on vaginal flora?
It allows lactobacillus to dominate the flora
What is a potential risk associated with long-term use of bisphosphonates?
Adynamic bone
What is the effect of tamoxifen on estrogen receptor positive breast cancer?
It prevents receptor activation by endogenous estrogens
What is the effect of tamoxifen on bone in postmenopausal women?
It prevents osteoporosis
What is the effect of raloxifene on the endometrium?
It has no effect on the endometrium
What is the effect of tamoxifen on hot flushes?
It increases the frequency of hot flushes
What is the effect of tamoxifen on the risk of venous thrombosis?
It increases the risk of venous thrombosis
What is the benefit of denosumab in menopausal women with osteoporosis?
Increases bone density and reduces fracture risk
What is the frequency of denosumab administration?
Biannually
What is the effect of denosumab on osteoclasts?
Inhibits osteoclasts, decreasing bone resorption
What is the mode of administration for denosumab?
Subcutaneous injection
What type of therapies are included in conservative management of urinary incontinence?
Lifestyle interventions and behavioral therapies
What is the goal of bladder training in managing urinary incontinence?
To modify voiding patterns
Learn about the systemic hormonal treatment for menopause, including its indications, forms, and modalities. Understand the risks and benefits of hormone therapy, especially for women beyond 10 years after menopause or above 60 years of age.
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