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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?
- Secretion into circulating blood
- Release into synaptic junctions (correct)
- Secretion into extracellular fluid
- Production of hormones
Which type of hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex?
Which type of hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex?
- Protein and polypeptide hormones
- Steroid hormones (correct)
- Derivatives of amino acid tyrosine
- Cytokines
What is the primary function of paracrine secretion?
What is the primary function of paracrine secretion?
- Affecting the function of the cells that produce them
- Secretion into circulating blood
- Release into synaptic junctions
- Affecting neighboring cells of different types (correct)
What is the characteristic of polypeptides with more than 100 amino acids?
What is the characteristic of polypeptides with more than 100 amino acids?
What is the primary function of cytocrine secretion?
What is the primary function of cytocrine secretion?
Which type of hormone is secreted by the posterior and anterior pituitary gland?
Which type of hormone is secreted by the posterior and anterior pituitary gland?
What is the primary function of endocrine hormones?
What is the primary function of endocrine hormones?
Where are neurotransmitters released from?
Where are neurotransmitters released from?
What is the characteristic of neuroendocrine hormones?
What is the characteristic of neuroendocrine hormones?
What is the function of cytokines?
What is the function of cytokines?
What is the characteristic of protein hormones?
What is the characteristic of protein hormones?
What are the three general classes of hormones?
What are the three general classes of hormones?
What is the difference between polypeptides and proteins?
What is the difference between polypeptides and proteins?
Where do paracrine secretions affect?
Where do paracrine secretions affect?
What is the primary site of secretion of neuroendocrine hormones?
What is the primary site of secretion of neuroendocrine hormones?
Which type of hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland?
Which type of hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland?
What is the purpose of storing polypeptide and protein hormones in secretory vesicles?
What is the purpose of storing polypeptide and protein hormones in secretory vesicles?
Which of the following is a characteristic of autocrine secretion?
Which of the following is a characteristic of autocrine secretion?
What is the primary site of action of paracrine secretion?
What is the primary site of action of paracrine secretion?
Which type of hormone is secreted by the pancreas?
Which type of hormone is secreted by the pancreas?
What is the primary function of cytokines?
What is the primary function of cytokines?
What is the difference between endocrine hormones and neuroendocrine hormones?
What is the difference between endocrine hormones and neuroendocrine hormones?
What is the primary function of storing polypeptide and protein hormones in secretory vesicles?
What is the primary function of storing polypeptide and protein hormones in secretory vesicles?
Which of the following is an example of a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine?
Which of the following is an example of a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine?
What is the primary site of action of cytokines?
What is the primary site of action of cytokines?
What is the primary function of paracrine secretion?
What is the primary function of paracrine secretion?
Which of the following is an example of a steroid hormone?
Which of the following is an example of a steroid hormone?
What is the main difference between autocrine and paracrine secretion?
What is the main difference between autocrine and paracrine secretion?
What is the primary difference between endocrine hormones and neuroendocrine hormones?
What is the primary difference between endocrine hormones and neuroendocrine hormones?
Cytokines can only work as autocrine and paracrine.
Cytokines can only work as autocrine and paracrine.
What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland?
What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland?
Neurotransmitters are released by ______________ terminals of neurons into synaptic junctions.
Neurotransmitters are released by ______________ terminals of neurons into synaptic junctions.
Match the following hormones with their respective glands/organ:
Match the following hormones with their respective glands/organ:
Polypeptides are always proteins.
Polypeptides are always proteins.
What is the purpose of storing polypeptide and protein hormones in secretory vesicles?
What is the purpose of storing polypeptide and protein hormones in secretory vesicles?
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Study Notes
Hormone Secretion and Classification
- Neurotransmitters are released by axon terminals of neurons into synaptic junctions.
- Endocrine hormones are secreted by glands into circulating blood.
- Neuroendocrine hormones are secreted by neurons into circulating blood.
- Paracrine secretion affects neighboring cells of different types.
- Autocrine secretion affects the function of the cells that produce them.
- Cytokines can work as paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine.
Hormone Classification
- Three general classes of hormones exist:
- Proteins and polypeptides: secreted by posterior and anterior pituitary gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, and others.
- Steroids: secreted by adrenal cortex, ovaries, and placenta.
- Derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine: secreted by thyroid.
Polypeptide and Protein Hormones
- Polypeptides with >100 amino acids are proteins.
- Polypeptide and protein hormones are stored in secretory vesicles until needed.
Hormone Secretion and Classification
- Neurotransmitters are released by axon terminals of neurons into synaptic junctions.
- Endocrine hormones are secreted by glands directly into the circulating blood.
- Neuroendocrine hormones are secreted by neurons into the circulating blood.
- Paracrine secretion involves cells releasing substances into extracellular fluid, affecting neighboring cells of different types.
- Autocrine secretion involves cells releasing substances into extracellular fluid, affecting the function of the cell that produces them.
- Cytokines are secreted by cells into extracellular fluid and can work as autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine hormones.
Hormone Classification
- Three general classes of hormones exist: proteins and polypeptides, steroids, and derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
- Proteins and polypeptides are secreted by: • Posterior and anterior pituitary gland • Pancreas (insulin and glucagon) • Parathyroid gland (parathyroid hormone) • Other glands
- Steroids are secreted by: • Adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone) • Ovaries and placenta (estrogen and progesterone)
- Derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine are secreted by: • Thyroid (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)
Hormone Storage
- Polypeptide and protein hormones are stored in secretory vesicles until needed.
- Polypeptides with >100 amino acids are classified as proteins.
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