Ch 16 Endocrine System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ACTH in the adrenal cortex?

  • To regulate thyroid hormone production
  • To regulate mineralocorticoid function
  • To regulate parathyroid hormone function
  • To stimulate the release of cortisol (correct)

    • What is the effect of cortisol on blood amino acids?

  • It increases their concentration (correct)
  • It decreases their concentration
  • It has no effect on their concentration
  • It converts them to glucose

    • What is the effect of glucagons on energy sources?

  • It converts them to glucose
  • It increases their mobilization (correct)
  • It has no effect on their mobilization
  • It decreases their mobilization

    • What is the effect of ADH on the kidneys?

    <p>It promotes the retention of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on sodium ions?

    <p>It increases their retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Grave's disease?

    <p>Autoantibodies that mimic TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypothyroidism on metabolic rate?

    <p>It decreases metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Hashimoto's disease?

    <p>Autoantibodies that attack thyroid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of the steroid hormone-receptor complex to DNA?

    <p>mRNA is produced through transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the receptor molecule in steroid hormone action?

    <p>To bind with the steroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the receptors in response to a deficiency of the hormone?

    <p>More receptors are produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of protein hormone binding to its receptor?

    <p>A series of chemical reactions is activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in steroid hormone action?

    <p>It directs protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of down-regulation on receptors?

    <p>Less receptors are produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of the steroid hormone to its receptor?

    <p>mRNA is produced through transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the newly synthesized protein in steroid hormone action?

    <p>It produces a specific effect in the target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the action plan of hormone regulation?

    <p>Synthesis of hormone using protein or lipid anabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do steroid hormones bind to target cells?

    <p>They bind to a protein transporter during transport in blood or lymph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on muscle cells?

    <p>It increases the permeability of the cell membrane for glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of growth hormone stimulating higher chemical reaction rates in muscle and bone cells?

    <p>An increase in chemical reaction rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of epinephrine in muscle cells?

    <p>It increases enzyme action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of melanocyte-stimulating hormone on melanocytes?

    <p>It activates more melanin secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the protein transporter when steroid hormones arrive at the target cells?

    <p>It is repelled by the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the action of steroid hormones?

    <p>Steroid hormone binds to a specific receptor on a particular gene of the target cell's DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the steroid hormone-receptor complex binding to DNA?

    <p>A new messenger RNA is produced after transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a protein hormone binds to its receptor in the target cell?

    <p>A series of chemical reactions is activated in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in the mechanism of steroid hormone action?

    <p>It directs protein synthesis in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of up-regulation on receptors in response to a hormone deficiency?

    <p>The number of receptors increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do steroid hormones bind to target cells?

    <p>They bind to specific receptors embedded in the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the translation of the new mRNA in the cytoplasm of the target cell?

    <p>A new protein is produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of the protein hormone to its receptor in the target cell?

    <p>A series of chemical reactions is activated in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of down-regulation on receptors in response to a large amount of hormone?

    <p>The number of receptors decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the secondary messenger in protein hormone action?

    <p>To act on behalf of the protein hormone and cause a potent effect in the target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adenylate cyclase in the protein hormone signaling pathway?

    <p>To convert ATP into cyclic AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland and travels to another endocrine gland, causing the second gland to secrete another hormone?

    <p>Tropic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of negative feedback mechanism in hormone regulation?

    <p>To inhibit hormone secretion once the desired effect is achieved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between circulating and local hormones?

    <p>Circulating hormones travel a long distance, while local hormones travel a short distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the activation of protein kinases in protein hormone action?

    <p>The phosphorylation of protein substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of G protein in protein hormone action?

    <p>To activate adenylate cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the protein hormone signaling pathway?

    <p>The cellular changes that produce the hormone's effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of hormone transport in the blood or lymph?

    <p>Hormone diffuses into the bloodstream and binds to a protein transporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific location of protein hormone receptors?

    <p>At the cell membrane of target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the action of steroid hormones?

    <p>The hormone binds to a specific gene of target cell's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hormone action on target cells?

    <p>A change in the function of the target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the protein transporter in steroid hormone action?

    <p>To facilitate the transport of the hormone in the blood or lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of steroid hormone binding to target cells?

    <p>The hormone diffuses into the cytoplasm of target cells and binds to a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the endocrine and circulatory systems in hormone regulation?

    <p>To carefully control each step of hormone regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hormone action on chemical reaction rates in target cells?

    <p>An increase in chemical reaction rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pineal gland?

    <p>Secretion of melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thymosin?

    <p>Stimulating the production and maturation of lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)?

    <p>Regulating blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of erythropoietin?

    <p>Stimulating red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta?

    <p>Protecting the fetus during pregnancy and secreting estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus?

    <p>Increasing blood glucose, glycerol, and fatty acid concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CRH in the general stress syndrome?

    <p>Stimulating ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of epinephrine on the body?

    <p>Intensifying and prolonging sympathetic actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of protein hormones?

    <p>They are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do steroid hormones interact with target cells?

    <p>They diffuse into the cell and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the action plan of hormone regulation?

    <p>The endocrine gland synthesizes the hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the receptor molecule in protein hormone action?

    <p>It binds to the hormone and triggers a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the receptors in response to a deficiency of the hormone?

    <p>They are up-regulated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of the protein hormone to its receptor?

    <p>A signal transduction pathway is triggered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in steroid hormone action?

    <p>It is involved in the synthesis of the protein product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of down-regulation on receptors?

    <p>The receptors are decreased in number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormone Regulation

    • ACTH stimulates the release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.
    • Cortisol increases the concentration of blood amino acids, releases fatty acids, and forms glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
    • Secretion of glucagon from the pancreas and growth hormone from the anterior pituitary increases.
    • Glucagon and growth hormone aid in mobilizing energy sources and stimulating the uptake of amino acids by cells.

    Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

    • Renin increases the blood level of angiotensin II, which acts as a vasoconstrictor and stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
    • Aldosterone increases Na+ retention by the kidneys.

    Thyroid Gland Disorders

    Hyperthyroidism

    • Grave's disease: Autoantibodies bind TSH receptors on thyroid cell membranes, mimicking the action of TSH, over-stimulating the gland, leading to hyperthyroidism.
    • Symptoms: high metabolic rate, sensitivity to heat, restlessness, hyperactivity, weight loss, protruding eyes, and goiter.

    Hypothyroidism

    • Hashimoto's disease: Autoantibodies attack thyroid cells, producing hypothyroidism.
    • Symptoms (infantile): Cretinism - stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, mental retardation, low body temperature, and sluggishness.
    • Symptoms (adult): Myxedema - low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold, sluggishness, poor appetite, swollen tissue, and mental dullness.

    Sequence of Steroid Hormone Action

    • Endocrine glands secrete steroid hormone.
    • Steroid hormone diffuses through the target cell membrane.
    • Hormone combines with a receptor molecule.
    • Steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and promotes synthesis of mRNA.
    • mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis.
    • Newly synthesized protein produces hormone's specific effects.

    Action of Protein Hormones

    • A protein hormone is transported in the blood or lymph by itself, without a transporter.
    • When it arrives at the target cell, the protein hormone binds with a specific receptor embedded in the cell membrane of the target cell.
    • This binding activates a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of the target cell.

    Effects of Hormone Action

    • Change in cell membrane permeability.
    • Change in chemical reaction rate.
    • Enzyme activation.
    • Activation of cell secretion.

    Protein Hormones

    • Protein hormones never diffuse to the DNA of target cells, so no new proteins or enzymes are made at the end.
    • The sequence of protein hormone action:
      • Endocrine gland secretes non-steroid hormone.
      • Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of target cell, activating G protein.
      • G protein activates adenylate cyclase within target cell's membrane.
      • Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP).
      • cAMP activates protein kinases.
      • Protein kinases activate protein substrate in the cell, changing metabolic processes.
      • Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.

    Control of Hormone Secretion

    • Hormone secretion is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.
    • Negative feedback: once the desired effect is achieved in the target cell, an inhibitory signal is sent from the target cells to the endocrine gland.

    Steroid Hormones

    • Steroid hormones diffuse through target cell membrane.
    • The sequence of steroid hormone action:
      • Endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone.
      • Steroid hormone diffuses through target cell membrane.
      • Hormone combines with a receptor molecule.
      • Steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and promotes synthesis of mRNA.
      • mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis.
      • Newly synthesized protein produces hormone's specific effects.

    Action of Hormones

    • Protein hormones bind to a specific receptor embedded in the cell membrane of target cells.
    • Binding activates a series of chemical reactions (cascade reactions) in the cytoplasm of target cells.
    • Steroid hormones bind to a specific receptor located on a particular gene of target cell's DNA.

    Thyroid Gland

    • The thyroid gland is involved in the synthesis of hormone using protein or lipid anabolism.
    • Hormone secretion occurs through exocytosis or diffusion.

    Effects of Hormones

    • Hormones can:
      • Change cell membrane permeability (e.g., insulin causes muscle cells to have a higher permeability for glucose).
      • Change chemical reaction rates (e.g., growth hormone stimulates higher chemical reaction rates in muscle and bone cells).
      • Activate enzymes (e.g., epinephrine increases enzyme action in muscle cells).
      • Activate cell secretion (e.g., melanocyte-stimulating hormone activates more melanin secretion from melanocytes).

    Endocrine System

    • The endocrine system interacts with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate body activities through hormones.
    • Endocrine tissues and organs secrete hormones directly into body fluids (mainly blood and lymph) using diffusion.

    Functions of Hormones

    • Hormones regulate metabolic processes (e.g., thyroid hormones).
    • Hormones control the rate of chemical reactions (e.g., growth hormone).
    • Hormones aid in the transport of substances across the cell membrane of target cells (e.g., insulin and glucagon).
    • Hormones regulate water and electrolyte balances (e.g., antidiuretic hormone, calcitonin, and aldosterone).
    • Hormones play a vital role in reproduction, growth, and development (e.g., estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone).

    Major Endocrine Organs

    • Pituitary gland
    • Thyroid gland
    • Adrenal glands
    • Pancreas
    • Ovaries and testes
    • Pineal gland
    • Thymus gland
    • Heart
    • Digestive organs
    • Kidneys
    • Placenta

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    Related Documents

    Endocrine System PDF

    Description

    Understand the role of hormones like ACTH, cortisol, glucagon, and growth hormone in regulating metabolism, energy sources, and water retention. Learn how these hormones interact with the adrenal cortex, pancreas, and pituitary gland.

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