24 Questions
What is the primary purpose of a hormone?
To create and effect in a cell
How do peptide hormones typically transmit their message?
By binding to a membrane receptor
What is the solubility characteristic of peptide hormones?
Water soluble
How do steroids travel through the bloodstream?
Attached to a protein carrier
What allows steroids to enter the plasma and nuclear membranes?
Lipid solubility
What is necessary for a hormone to initiate a response?
Binding to a receptor
How do peptide hormones typically interact with cells?
By using a transmembrane receptor protein
What is the role of peptide hormones as first messengers?
They bind to the receptor on the outside of the cell
What is the term for a conformational change in the receptor that creates change inside the cell?
Second messenger
What initiates the conformational change in ligand-gated ion channels?
Binding of a specific molecule to the extracellular domain
Which type of hormone pathways are faster but last for a shorter amount of time?
Membrane-bound receptors
What is the role of the alpha subunit in G proteins?
It can bind GDP and GTP
What are the structural components of G proteins?
beta and gamma subunits
G proteins can either be _____ or _____.
Stimulatory, inhibitory
What is the second messenger for most G-Protein receptors?
cAMP
Which type of G-protein receptor stimulates the production of cAMP?
Gs receptor
What is the main function of Gi receptors in G-protein signaling?
Inhibit production of cAMP
What is a key characteristic of G-proteins?
Signal amplification
You notice on a graph of receptor affinity that the curve has shifted to the left and up. What does this mean for the binding ability of the hormone to the receptor?
Quick to bind and a higher affinity
A weak binding ligand which blocks the receptor site for the target hormone is pushed out of the way and target hormone binds. This is an example of what?
Competitive inhibition
What is a permissive hormone?
A hormone that needs the permission from another hormone in order to exert its effects effectively
How long do the effects of amine hormones typically last?
Minutes to hours
How can we differentiate between Type 1 from Type 2 diabetes or assess the efficacy of a treatment?
By measuring the levels of C-peptide in the blood
What does up-regulation refer to in the context of hormones?
An increase in the number of receptors for a hormone
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