Hormonal Control and Cardiovascular System

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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 different classifications of hormones?

Steroid hormones (correct)

Non-steroid hormones (correct)

Peptide hormones (correct)

What are the factors that affect hormone concentrations in the blood? (Select all that apply)

Negative Feedback (correct)

Concentration levels are not static but dynamically changing (correct)

Pulsatile hormone release pattern (correct)

Hormone plasma concentrations are highly variable (correct)

What are the major cardiovascular system functions?

The major cardiovascular system functions include transporting oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removing carbon dioxide and waste products, regulating body temperature, and maintaining blood pressure.

What is the Fick equation and what does it calculate?

The Fick equation is a formula used to calculate the body's oxygen consumption, which represents the rate at which the body uses oxygen. It utilizes the difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood, along with cardiac output, to determine oxygen consumption. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the cardiovascular responses to acute exercise.

During acute exercise, the cardiovascular system undergoes several changes. These include an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output to deliver more oxygen to working muscles. Blood flow is redistributed from inactive tissues to active muscles, and blood pressure increases. These responses are essential for providing sufficient oxygen and nutrients to meet the increased demands of exercise. Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine stroke volume and cardiac output?

Stroke volume, which is the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each heartbeat, is influenced by factors like preload, contractility, and afterload. Cardiac output, the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Signup and view all the answers

Why does stroke volume change during exercise? By what mechanism?

Stroke volume increases during exercise due to a more forceful contraction of the heart, a result of increased sympathetic nervous system activation. This enhances preload (the amount of blood filling the ventricle before contraction) and contractility (the heart muscle's strength of contraction). Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between strength, power, and endurance?

Strength refers to the maximal force a muscle can produce. Power is the rate at which work is performed. Endurance is the ability to sustain a given level of effort over an extended period. Signup and view all the answers

How does blood flow change during exercise?

During exercise, blood flow redistributes, diverting more blood to the working muscles while reducing flow to non-essential organs. This redirection is achieved by vasodilation in active muscles and vasoconstriction in inactive tissues, ensuring efficient oxygen delivery. Signup and view all the answers

What is residual volume, tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity & functional residual capacity?

Residual volume is the air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation. Total lung capacity is the total air the lungs can hold. Functional residual capacity is the volume of air in the lungs after a normal exhalation. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormonal Control/Endocrinology (Ch. 4)

Hormones are classified as steroid, non-steroid (protein or peptide), and amino acid-derived
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, derived from cholesterol, and directly cross cell membranes
Non-steroid hormones are not lipid-soluble and require receptors to initiate effects
Hormone release is pulsatile, not constant
Hormone concentrations are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms
Hormone release is affected by various factors, including hormone concentrations, physical conditions, and physiological responses
Factors affecting hormone production/release can include growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone, testosterone, estrogen, catecholamines, cortisol, insulin, and glucagon

Cardiovascular System (Ch. 7)

Cardiovascular functions include major functions like blood circulation, fluid balance, and delivering oxygen.
Cardiac conduction system (e.g., SA node) details are essential for understanding the heart's electrical activity
Cardiac cycle details (e.g., systole, diastole) should be known
Understand concepts like stroke volume, cardiac output, and ejection fraction related to cardiac efficiency.
How blood flow changes are essential to understand
ECG (P, QRS, T waves) are used to measure heart rate.

Cardiorespiratory Responses to Exercise (Ch. 9)

Fick equation calculation is necessary to understand oxygen consumption in exercise contexts.
Heart rate maximum (HR max) calculation is important for exercise prescription.
Understanding cardiovascular responses (e.g., changes in heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output) to acute exercise is crucial
Understanding changes in stroke volume during acute exercise is vital to exercise prescription
Understanding blood flow changes during exercise is important.
Respiratory volume measurements (e.g., residual volume, tidal volume, vital capacity, and total lung capacity)
Functional residual capacity is also essential

Principles of Exercise Training (Ch.10)

Differences between strength, power, and endurance are key to different types of exercise training.

Adaptations to Resistance Training (Ch. 11,12)

Understands the mechanisms behind strength gains.
Understand fiber hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Know about DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness)

Adaptations to Aerobic and Anaerobic Training (Ch. 11,12)

Understand how exercise professionals evaluate aerobic endurance
Understand how Fick equation and other measures are used.
Know about adaptations to cardiovascular system during endurance training
Factors affecting VO2 max should be known.
Different parameters of exercise prescription and program design

Laboratory Section

Methods of Body Composition assessment, including skin-fold, hydrostatic weighing, anthropometric, etc.
Understand calculating ideal body weight, BMI, etc.
ECG procedures (lead placement, PQRST waves, HR calculation from ECG).
Aerobic capacity measurements (VO2 max, indirect methods, and pulmonary spirometry).
Relevant units (METs, kcals) and calculations

Anaerobic Power

Relationship between work and power
Anaerobic assessments (e.g. Treadmill test, Wingate test)

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from chapters on hormonal control and the cardiovascular system. It explores hormone classifications, the nature of steroid and non-steroid hormones, and details of the cardiovascular functions. Test your knowledge on these crucial physiological systems.