Hormonal Control and Cardiovascular System

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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 different classifications of hormones?

Steroid hormones (correct)
Non-steroid hormones (correct)
Peptide hormones (correct)

What are the factors that affect hormone concentrations in the blood? (Select all that apply)

Negative Feedback (correct)
Concentration levels are not static but dynamically changing (correct)
Pulsatile hormone release pattern (correct)
Hormone plasma concentrations are highly variable (correct)

What are the major cardiovascular system functions?

The major cardiovascular system functions include transporting oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removing carbon dioxide and waste products, regulating body temperature, and maintaining blood pressure.

What is the Fick equation and what does it calculate?

The Fick equation is a formula used to calculate the body's oxygen consumption, which represents the rate at which the body uses oxygen. It utilizes the difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood, along with cardiac output, to determine oxygen consumption. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the cardiovascular responses to acute exercise.

During acute exercise, the cardiovascular system undergoes several changes. These include an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output to deliver more oxygen to working muscles. Blood flow is redistributed from inactive tissues to active muscles, and blood pressure increases. These responses are essential for providing sufficient oxygen and nutrients to meet the increased demands of exercise. Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine stroke volume and cardiac output?

Stroke volume, which is the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each heartbeat, is influenced by factors like preload, contractility, and afterload. Cardiac output, the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Signup and view all the answers

Why does stroke volume change during exercise? By what mechanism?

Stroke volume increases during exercise due to a more forceful contraction of the heart, a result of increased sympathetic nervous system activation. This enhances preload (the amount of blood filling the ventricle before contraction) and contractility (the heart muscle's strength of contraction). Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between strength, power, and endurance?

Strength refers to the maximal force a muscle can produce. Power is the rate at which work is performed. Endurance is the ability to sustain a given level of effort over an extended period. Signup and view all the answers

How does blood flow change during exercise?

During exercise, blood flow redistributes, diverting more blood to the working muscles while reducing flow to non-essential organs. This redirection is achieved by vasodilation in active muscles and vasoconstriction in inactive tissues, ensuring efficient oxygen delivery. Signup and view all the answers

What is residual volume, tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity & functional residual capacity?

Residual volume is the air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation. Total lung capacity is the total air the lungs can hold. Functional residual capacity is the volume of air in the lungs after a normal exhalation. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Steroid hormones

Hormones chemically similar to cholesterol, directly derived from it, and lipid-soluble.

Non-steroid hormones

Hormones that are not lipid-soluble and cannot easily cross cellular membranes.