Hope Theory in Psychology

What is the primary basis of hope, according to the hope theory?

What type of goals are considered applicable to hope?

What is the purpose of agency thinking in the context of hope?

What is an example of a preventive goal in the context of hope?

Why should we avoid characterizing extremely difficult goals as based on 'false hopes'?

What is meant by the term 'domain-specific' in the context of hope?

What is an example of pathways thinking in the context of hope?

What is the benefit of positive self-talk in the context of hope?

What is the primary difference between high hopers and low hopers?

According to Snyder, what is the age by which the components of hopeful thought are in place?

What type of thinking reflects the baby's increasing insights into being a casual force in cause-and-effect sequences?

What is the primary role of caregivers in imparting hope, according to Snyder?

What is the result of traumatic events across childhood, according to Snyder?

What is the primary focus of hopeful thought, according to Snyder?

At what age does pathways thinking typically begin, according to Snyder?

What is the relationship between agency thinking and caregivers, according to Snyder?

Hope is defined as goal-directed thinking that involves pathways thinking (finding routes to desired goals) and agency thinking (motivation to use those routes).
Goals with considerable value to the individual are considered applicable to hope.
Goals can vary in terms of time (short-term to long-term), approach (reaching a desired goal) or prevention (stopping an undesired event), and difficulty of attainment.

Hope is domain-specific, meaning it is about a particular aspect of life (e.g., school, work, family, etc.).
High hopers have a positive emotional set and a sense of zest due to their history of success in goal pursuits.
Low hopers have a negative emotional set and a sense of emotional flatness due to their history of failed goal pursuits.

Pathways thinking involves producing alternate routes when original ones are blocked.
Positive self-talk about finding routes to desired goals is also a key strategy.
Agency thinking involves energetic personal self-talk statements, such as "I will keep going", to overcome impediments.

The hope model consists of thoughts, emotions, and goal attainment.
High hope involves positive emotional sets, whereas low hope involves negative emotional sets.
Learning history and pre-event events can influence the development of hope.

Hope is learned through cognitive sets about goal-directed thinking, with no hereditary contributions.
Pathways thinking is acquired before agency thinking, with agency thinking emerging around age one year.
Strong attachment to caregivers is crucial for imparting hope, and traumatic events can affect the development of hope.