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Questions and Answers
Hookworm is a type of ______ that lives in the small intestines.
Hookworm is a type of ______ that lives in the small intestines.
nematode
Which of these species cause hookworm infections?
Which of these species cause hookworm infections?
Hookworm infections are more common in tropical areas.
Hookworm infections are more common in tropical areas.
True
What is the name of the disease caused by hookworm infections?
What is the name of the disease caused by hookworm infections?
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What is the most common intestinal parasite?
What is the most common intestinal parasite?
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What are the three forms that hookworms can exist in?
What are the three forms that hookworms can exist in?
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Hookworm eggs have a segmented appearance.
Hookworm eggs have a segmented appearance.
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Which type of larvae is the infective form of hookworm?
Which type of larvae is the infective form of hookworm?
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How are hookworm eggs typically released from the human body?
How are hookworm eggs typically released from the human body?
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What is the duration of the hookworm life cycle from skin penetration to adulthood?
What is the duration of the hookworm life cycle from skin penetration to adulthood?
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Ancylostoma duodenale can infect through both skin penetration and the mucous membrane of the mouth.
Ancylostoma duodenale can infect through both skin penetration and the mucous membrane of the mouth.
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What are the symptoms of early hookworm infection?
What are the symptoms of early hookworm infection?
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Heavy hookworm infection often leads to anemia.
Heavy hookworm infection often leads to anemia.
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What are some signs of anemia caused by hookworm infection?
What are some signs of anemia caused by hookworm infection?
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Which species of hookworm is more likely to cause anemia?
Which species of hookworm is more likely to cause anemia?
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How is hookworm infection diagnosed?
How is hookworm infection diagnosed?
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Non-fresh stool samples can be used to detect rhabditiform larvae.
Non-fresh stool samples can be used to detect rhabditiform larvae.
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What is the Kato-Katz technique used for?
What is the Kato-Katz technique used for?
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Which of the following medications is typically used to treat hookworm infections?
Which of the following medications is typically used to treat hookworm infections?
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Iron supplements may be necessary for patients with severe anemia caused by hookworm infection.
Iron supplements may be necessary for patients with severe anemia caused by hookworm infection.
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What are some key preventive measures for hookworm infection?
What are some key preventive measures for hookworm infection?
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It is recommended to use untreated human waste as manure to prevent hookworm infection.
It is recommended to use untreated human waste as manure to prevent hookworm infection.
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What is cutaneous larval migrans?
What is cutaneous larval migrans?
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Which of the following hookworm species are commonly associated with cutaneous larval migrans?
Which of the following hookworm species are commonly associated with cutaneous larval migrans?
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Cutaneous larval migrans is spread through human-to-human contact.
Cutaneous larval migrans is spread through human-to-human contact.
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Describe the characteristic symptom of cutaneous larval migrans.
Describe the characteristic symptom of cutaneous larval migrans.
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What is the most effective treatment for cutaneous larval migrans?
What is the most effective treatment for cutaneous larval migrans?
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Prevention of cutaneous larval migrans includes avoiding contact with contaminated soil or sand.
Prevention of cutaneous larval migrans includes avoiding contact with contaminated soil or sand.
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What is a commonly recommended preventative measure to control cutaneous larval migrans in areas frequented by dogs?
What is a commonly recommended preventative measure to control cutaneous larval migrans in areas frequented by dogs?
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Study Notes
Hookworm Overview
- Hookworm is an intestinal nematode found in the small intestine
- Caused by Ancylostoma duodenalis and Necator americanus
- Worldwide distribution, prevalent in tropical regions
- Necator americanus is more common in Africa
- Common in areas with poor sanitation
- Also known as ancylostomiasis or necatoriasis
- The second most common intestinal parasite, after Ascaris lumbricoides
Hookworm Morphology
- Three forms: Adults, larvae, eggs
- Adults are 1-1.5 cm long; females are larger than males
- Ancylostoma duodenale has two pairs of teeth on its mouth parts
- Necator americanus has cutting plates on its mouth parts
- Eggs have a segmented ovum
- Larvae have two forms:
- Rhabditiform larvae – short and stout
- Filariform larvae – long and slender, the infective stage
Hookworm Life Cycle
- Adults mate in the small intestine, females lay eggs
- Eggs are passed in feces
- Eggs develop into rhabditiform larvae (7 days)
- Then into filariform larvae
- Filariform larvae penetrate human skin (usually feet)
- Enter the bloodstream, travel to the heart and lungs
- Coughed up, ascend the trachea, swallowed
- Reach the stomach and small intestine, attach to mucosa, mature into adults
- Skin penetration to adulthood takes 6-8 weeks
- Ancylostoma duodenale can also infect through the mouth
Clinical Presentation
- Early infection: dermatitis (ground itch), dry cough, dyspnea, abdominal pain
- Light infection: often asymptomatic
- Heavy infection: anemia (pallor, leg swelling, dyspnea, palpitation), hypochromic microcytic anemia (blood sucking), bleeding sites, anticoagulants from worms, black stool (melena) - digested blood from the upper GIT
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Stool microscopy: characteristic eggs
- Stool (non-fresh): rhabditiform larvae
- Kato-Katz technique: parasite quantification
Treatment
- Albendazole, Mebendazole, Levamisole, Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, Pyrantel pamoate
- Supportive treatment: iron supplements, blood transfusion (if anemia is severe)
Prevention and Control
- Proper faecal disposal (pit latrines)
- Avoid using untreated human waste as manure
- Wearing protective shoes
- Health education on transmission and prevention
- Treatment of infected persons
- Treatment of soil
Cutaneous Larval Migrans: Introduction and Life Cycle
- Zoonotic infection caused by hookworm species that don't use humans as a definitive host
- Most commonly A. braziliense & A. caninum
- Definitive hosts are dogs and cats respectively
- Life cycle involves developing rhabditiform larvae that goes on to develop into filariform larvae in the environment. The larvae subsequently penetrate human skin, causing a characteristic skin rash known as cutaneous larval migrans.
Cutaneous Larval Migrans: Prevention and Treatment
- Avoiding exposure to contaminated soil: wearing shoes
- Banning dogs from public areas, especially beaches, to control the risk of human infection
- Systemic treatment: albendazole, ivermectin
- Topical treatment: thiabendazole
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of hookworm, including its morphology, life cycle, and distribution. Learn about the differences between Ancylostoma duodenalis and Necator americanus, and understand their impact in tropical regions. Test your knowledge on this significant intestinal parasite.
