Hong Kong Story - Lecture 9
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Questions and Answers

What trend has been observed in Hong Kong’s social mobility from 1989 to 2007?

  • Absolute mobility has remained similar. (correct)
  • Overall social mobility has increased significantly.
  • Working class opportunities have flourished.
  • Social mobility has declined for the middle class.

What characterizes the impact of new class mobility on inequality in Hong Kong?

  • All classes have equal opportunities for improvement.
  • The top service class has experienced a rise in accessibility.
  • Stronger class inheritance effects have emerged despite mobility increases. (correct)
  • Individuals from all classes find it equal to move across boundaries.

According to the content, what has been a concern for young people in Hong Kong regarding job opportunities?

  • They experience fewer anxieties about job prospects.
  • They have access to better job opportunities in service industries.
  • They are fully participating in the opportunities provided by the Mainland.
  • They are unable to access emerging job markets due to their local focus. (correct)

The term 'global city polarization' can be related to which of the following observations?

<p>A significant gap between high-end jobs and local service jobs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does recent analysis suggest regarding occupational differences in Hong Kong by 2014?

<p>The middle class gains more than the working class in new opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have women's roles in the workforce evolved in the context of rising income inequality?

<p>There is an increasing representation in high-level positions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the shrinking working class trend indicate about the job market in Hong Kong?

<p>The job market is increasingly competitive for the working class. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the employment landscape in Hong Kong reflects the concept of class mobility?

<p>Mobility across classes has generally improved for intermediate class individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed significantly to rising income inequality in Hong Kong from 1976 to 2011?

<p>Technological changes requiring more human capital (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with the split of the middle class in Hong Kong?

<p>Differentiation between capital-intensive and service-oriented occupations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Kuznet curve suggest about income inequality?

<p>It initially rises and then falls as an economy develops (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does women's changing roles impact labor market inequality?

<p>Changing roles can create new forms of inequality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the upper space in Hong Kong considered to have expanded?

<p>Continual economic growth and development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between education and income inequality according to the content?

<p>Education tiers contribute to an increasing income gap (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the data suggest about the Gini coefficient in Hong Kong from 1976 to 2011?

<p>It indicates a rise in income inequality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed regarding the correlation between husbands' and wives' incomes from 1991 to 2001?

<p>The correlation increased from 0.333 to 0.382. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is social congestion related to upward mobility in Hong Kong?

<p>It leads to a decrease in upward mobility opportunities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the role of women in the workforce changed under globalization in Hong Kong?

<p>Women have increasingly taken professional roles in response to demand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'educational homogamy' refer to in the context of income inequality?

<p>Marriage between individuals with similar educational levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Foreign Domestic Helpers (FDHs) play in the context of working wives in Hong Kong?

<p>They assist in household tasks, allowing wives to work. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the current opportunity situation for Hong Kong residents in relation to mainland China as of 2010?

<p>Many Hong Kong residents feel that opportunities have faded. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant effect of globalization on family structures in Hong Kong?

<p>Greater polarization between high and low-income families. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of wives of higher-income husbands participating in the labor market?

<p>Outsourcing child care to manage dual responsibilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'polarization of families' suggest about socioeconomic status?

<p>A division between high-income and low-income families is increasing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hong Kong's Changing Opportunity Structures

Describes how opportunities for upward mobility in Hong Kong are changing, remaining open but with more competition.

Accelerated Mobility Competition

Increased competition in achieving upward mobility, despite a still open social structure.

Income Inequality (HK)

The gap between the highest and lowest earners in Hong Kong, growing between 1976 and 2011.

Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality in a population; higher values indicate greater inequality.

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Technological Change

A possible driver of income inequality due to the evolving needs for skills in the modern (IT) economy.

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Kuznets Curve

A theoretical inverted U-shaped relationship showing the possible correlation of inequality with economic development, possibly inverted U.

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Skill-Based Inequality

The growing gap in incomes based on the presence or absence of specific skill sets (e.g. a computer software skill)

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Role of Women in the Labor Market

Examines the changing roles of women in the workforce of Hong Kong and how this affects income inequality.

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Fading Opportunities in Hong Kong

Hong Kong's job market opportunities, especially for high-end positions, are diminishing.

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Sectoral Cleavage

Divisions in the job market based on industry or sector, creating disparities in opportunities.

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Social Mobility Path (2007)

The patterns of social movement in Hong Kong in 2007, comparing it to past trends.

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Absolute Mobility

The overall increase in the middle class and the decrease in the working class in Hong Kong.

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Class Inheritance Effect

The trend of social class being passed from one generation to the next in 2007, especially for the top and working class.

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Inequality of Class Mobility

Despite expansion of some classes, the differences in opportunities across classes remained, in 2007.

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Credential Path (Recent Development)

The changes in educational requirements or qualifications needed to advance in Hong Kong's job market, recently.

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Social Grudges

Sources of discontent based on perceived unfairness in job opportunities or social mobility.

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Globalization's effect on HK families

Globalization in Hong Kong has led to a polarization of families with differing incomes, accentuated by the increasing correlation between husband and wife's income.

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Educational homogamy

The tendency for individuals to partner with others of similar educational backgrounds.

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Feminization of the workforce

An increase in the number of women participating in the workforce, particularly in professional fields in Hong Kong.

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Foreign Domestic Helpers (FDHs)

Individuals, often from other countries, hired to provide domestic services, a response to women entering the workforce.

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Husband-wife income correlation

The statistical relationship between a husband and wife's income levels in Hong Kong; this correlation increased from 1991 to 2001.

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Fading Opportunities in the mainland

The anticipated career opportunities for Hong Kong residents on the mainland have not materialized as expected by 2010.

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Income Polarization

A widening gap in income levels between different families.

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Migration Policy in HK

Hong Kong's approach to immigration, which focuses on welcoming people with diverse qualifications.

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Study Notes

Hong Kong Story - Lecture 9

  • This lecture examines Hong Kong as a divided society, exploring the transition from a land of opportunity to one of inequality.
  • The lecture covers the following key topics:
    • Standard definition (SD) explanations and myths relating to the "land of opportunity" and inequality
    • High definition (HD) perspective of mobility pathways
    • HD perspective, the Middle Class debate in Hong Kong
    • HD perspective, Hong Kong as Global City and China opportunities
    • HD perspective, recent developments: The China opportunity and the University dream
    • Conclusion

Lecture Outline

  • Topic I: Standard Definition (SD)

    • Explanations and myths of Hong Kong as a land of opportunity and inequality.
  • Topic II: High Definition (HD) (1)

    • Understanding mobility pathways in Hong Kong.
  • Topic III: HD (2)

    • The Middle Class debate in Hong Kong.
  • Topic IV: HD (3)

    • Hong Kong as a global city and China opportunities.
  • Topic V: HD (4)

    • Recent development, the China opportunity and the university dream.
  • Topic VI: Conclusion

Additional notes

  • The Great British class calculator is discussed, which analyzes social class in the UK.

  • A case study of Li Ka-shing is considered, analyzing wealth and opportunity.

  • A major divorce case in Hong Kong ($154,000,000) is presented.

  • The lecture mentions a discussion about the Hong Kong dream and becoming middle class.

  • There is a discussion of how the middle class is described in the media, including stable income, accumulating wealth, and the hope of a better life.

  • The lecture analyses the life of the poor in Hong Kong, including living on HK$3000 a month and collecting card board.

  • The lecture discusses housing issues, specifically subdivided units.

  • The lecture investigates possible SD images of the topic, including industrialization, globalization, and the rise of social unrest, examining how these periods affect the land of opportunity ideal

  • The lecture explores the complex relationship between inequality and polarization.

  • A framework of analysis is proposed by John Goldthorpe.

  • Sociological arguments and evidence related to HK, non-structural approaches, cultural explanations are discussed, including a perception of HK society as a complex, amorphous entity.

  • A study of social mobility pathways (Wong and Lui, 1992) is analyzed, with topics of postwar periods, structural mobility, types of mobility, different dreams, and various classes

  • Employment relations affecting life chances are discussed, considering the service class, intermediate class, and working class.

  • Topics in Mobility pathways :

    • Postwar period of high mobility
    • Structural mobility vs circulation mobility
    • Reasons for mobility (education, expansion, absence of old ruling class)
    • Different dreams for diverse people
    • Various types of employment (professionals, entrepreneurs)
  • The Hong Kong Class Structure (Wong and Lui 1992) is presented, detailing seven class distinctions.

  • The lecture explains Wong and Lui's (1992) findings related to social mobility in HK (postwar period, different types of mobility, etc).

  • Sociologist's findings are analyzed, including analysis of class consciousness, factors affecting life chances (market vs. social network), and the link between class and social orientation.

  • Discussion of the global city concept, M-shaped society, and shrinking middle class.

  • Further examination of upward mobility, the China opportunity, and recent developments regarding youth and opportunities.

  • The lecture investigates the extent young people in HK are achieving China's opportunities, with consideration of age differences, and occupational differences.

  • The impact of globalization, foreign domestic helpers, and immigration policy on mobility and other aspects are investigated.

  • The lecture analyses the topic of welfare and taxes reducing inequality in HK, examining gini coefficients of different decades and countries, and their trends.

  • The lecture analyzes the concept of downward mobility.

  • Factors like education, economic structures, and social factors are investigated.

  • The lecture concludes with a review of the findings and insights.

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Description

This lecture delves into the complex social fabric of Hong Kong, analyzing its evolution from a land of opportunity to one marked by inequality. Key discussions include myths surrounding social mobility, the role of the middle class, and the city's position as a global hub amidst changing dynamics with China.

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