Hominin Origins and Primate Evolution Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What defines a hominin?

  • Defined by large body size and omnivorous diet
  • Members of tribe Hominidae (great apes)
  • Defined by arboreal locomotion and small brain size
  • Members of tribe Hominini (bipedal hominoids) (correct)

During which epoch did the 'Golden age of hominoids' occur?

  • Pliocene
  • Pleistocene
  • Oligocene
  • Miocene (correct)

Which group was more closely related to the ape-human lineage than to Old World Monkeys (OWM)?

  • Plesiadapids
  • Omomyoids
  • Hominoids (correct)
  • Adapoids

What is part of the material culture?

<p>Technology and traditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'postcranial' refer to?

<p>All or part of the skeleton NOT including the skull (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'True' primates during the Eocene epoch were represented by which groups?

<p>Adapoids (lemur-like) &amp; omomyoids (tarsier-like) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epoch saw the appearance of parapithecids and propliopithecids?

<p>Miocene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic in hominin evolution?

<p>Bipedal locomotion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant development in modern Homo sapiens compared to early hominins?

<p>Greatly increased brain size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hominin genus do most early hominins belong to?

<p>Australopithecus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of mosaic evolution?

<p>Development at different rates in different functional systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend of cultural dependency in later hominins related to?

<p>$2.5 mya stone tools found (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes modern Homo sapiens' dentition from that of early hominins?

<p>Small incisors; canines further reduced; molar tooth enamel caps thick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes early hominin's locomotion from that of Miocene generalized hominoids?

<p>Bipedal: shortened pelvis; differences from later hominins, smaller body and long arms relative to legs; long fingers and toes; capable of considerable climbing (B), Bipedal: shortened pelvis; differences from later hominins, smaller body and long arms relative to legs; long fingers and toes; capable of considerable climbing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the capabilities of Miocene generalized hominoids related to stone tools?

<p>No stone tools; probably had capabilities similar to chimpanzees. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'hominin(s)'?

<p>Members of the tribe Hominini, characterized by dental features, bipedal locomotion, large brain size, and tool-making behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which epoch did the 'Golden age of hominoids' occur?

<p>Miocene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epoch saw the appearance of parapithecids and propliopithecids?

<p>Oligocene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'True' primates during the Eocene epoch were represented by which groups?

<p>Adapoids (lemur-like) &amp; omomyoids (tarsier-like) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Hominin Origins' primarily refers to the history of the evolution of:

<p>Bipedal hominoids with a focus on early human ancestors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is part of the material culture in biocultural evolution?

<p>All aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic in hominin evolution?

<p>Bipedal locomotion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of hominin evolution?

<p>Bipedal locomotion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes early hominin's locomotion from that of Miocene generalized hominoids?

<p>Long arms relative to legs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant development in modern Homo sapiens compared to early hominins?

<p>Greatly increased brain size—highly encephalized (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epoch saw the appearance of parapithecids and propliopithecids?

<p>Miocene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'True' primates during the Eocene epoch were represented by which groups?

<p>\text{Adapids and omomyids} (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Golden age of hominoids' occurred during which epoch?

<p>\text{Miocene} (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the capabilities of Miocene generalized hominoids related to stone tools?

<p>No stone tools; probably had capabilities similar to chimpanzees. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is part of the material culture?

<p>Stone tools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of locomotion seen only in hominins?

<p>Bipedalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the ability to use fire do for early humans?

<p>Increased cognitive abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the wider view of the surrounding environment due to bipedalism allow early humans to do?

<p>Have a broader awareness of potential threats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major event that coincided with major changes in African climate according to the fossil record?

<p>Emergence of our genus, Homo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allowed early humans to obtain food, find shelter, and escape predators?

<p>Technological advancements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for apes that are bipedal?

<p>Hominins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What era saw the importance of the environment in allowing certain organisms to be present?

<p>Cenozoic era (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did efficient bipedalism free the hands for?

<p>Carrying objects and making tools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an advantage of efficient bipedalism?

<p>Wider view of the surrounding environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did human evolution and behavioral development likely result from according to the lecture notes?

<p>Climatically mediated factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the complete commitment to bipedalism in hominins?

<p>Obligate bipedalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of locomotion seen only in hominins?

<p>Bipedalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did efficient bipedalism free the hands for?

<p>Making and using tools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epoch saw the appearance of parapithecids and propliopithecids?

<p>Miocene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is part of the material culture in biocultural evolution?

<p>Stone tools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'postcranial' refer to?

<p>Anatomical features below the head (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Hominin Origins' primarily refers to the history of the evolution of:

<p>The lineage leading to modern humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical evidence supports bipedalism?

<p>Position of the foramen magnum centered beneath the skull (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the pelvis in bipeds?

<p>Basin-shaped (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the femurs positioned in bipeds?

<p>Angled inward (Knock-kneed) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the foot in bipedalism?

<p>It serves as a stable support instead of grasping limbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the distinctive arch in the foot of bipeds?

<p>To provide spring and absorb shock during walking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows full extension of the knee in bipeds?

<p>Lever system and strong ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the presence of opposable big toe in Ardipithecus?

<p>It suggests arboreal locomotion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of the non-honing chewing complex in humans?

<p>Presence of large upper canine and 1st premolar arrangement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Ardipithecus' bowl-shaped pelvis?

<p>It suggests a mix of bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of Australopiths' molars and premolars?

<p>Small molars and premolars with thin enamel like apes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Sahelanthropus tchadensis' is significant as it is:

<p>The oldest possible hominin with preserved cranium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Orrorin tungenensis' is notable for being:

<p>The first hominin with postcranial remains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the reduced facial projection (prognathism) in early hominins indicate?

<p>A transitional phase in hominin evolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of honing complex represent in early hominins?

<p>A mix of bipedal and quadrupedal characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated timeframe for the existence of Pre-australopiths?

<p>7-4.2 million years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where was Sahelanthropus tchadensis found?

<p>Chad in Central Africa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated age of Orrorin tungensis?

<p>6 million years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region did Ardipithecus ramidus live?

<p>Ethiopia in Eastern Africa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated time range for the existence of Australopiths?

<p>~4.2-1.2 million years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Hominins are limited to the continent of African until about' which time period?

<p>1.8 million years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which African country was Orrorin tungensis found?

<p>Kenya (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major feature of Gracile Australopiths?

<p>Relatively small brains compared to Homo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where were the Gracile Australopiths A. Africanus and A. Afarensis primarily found?

<p>Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, and North-Central Africa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated size range of Gracile Australopiths?

<p>30-60 kg or 66-132 lbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of the molars of Gracile Australopiths?

<p>Large teeth, particularly back teeth, with thick to very thick enamel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genera make up the Gracile Group Australopiths?

<p>Australopithecus and Paranthropus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the established time range of the Gracile Group Australopiths?

<p>&gt;3 million years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group did not primarily exhibit arboreal suspension/climbing as a mode of locomotion?

<p>Robust Australopiths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated brain size of Australopithecus afarensis?

<p>400 - 550 cc (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the most famous fossil of Australopithecus afarensis named after?

<p>A Beatles song (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant feature of 'Lucy' (Australopithecus afarensis)?

<p>Evidence for tree-climbing adaptation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trends were observed in the dental changes from chimpanzees to Homo sapiens?

<p>Parallel and prognathic to less parallel, more parabolic and less prognathic to parabolic and orthognathic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Lucy' (Australopithecus afarensis) was primarily adapted for which form of locomotion?

<p>'Bipedalism' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the dental arch become in early hominins compared to apes?

<p>Parabolic instead of U-shaped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a distinguishing feature of early hominin dentition compared to apes?

<p>Small front teeth and large back teeth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the reduced canines in Australopithecus afarensis?

<p>Indicated mainly herbivorous diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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