Hominin Origins and Primate Evolution Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What defines a hominin?

  • Defined by large body size and omnivorous diet
  • Members of tribe Hominidae (great apes)
  • Defined by arboreal locomotion and small brain size
  • Members of tribe Hominini (bipedal hominoids) (correct)

    • During which epoch did the 'Golden age of hominoids' occur?

  • Pliocene
  • Pleistocene
  • Oligocene
  • Miocene (correct)

    • Which group was more closely related to the ape-human lineage than to Old World Monkeys (OWM)?

  • Plesiadapids
  • Omomyoids
  • Hominoids (correct)
  • Adapoids

    • What is part of the material culture?

    <p>Technology and traditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'postcranial' refer to?

    <p>All or part of the skeleton NOT including the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'True' primates during the Eocene epoch were represented by which groups?

    <p>Adapoids (lemur-like) &amp; omomyoids (tarsier-like)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epoch saw the appearance of parapithecids and propliopithecids?

    <p>Miocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic in hominin evolution?

    <p>Bipedal locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant development in modern Homo sapiens compared to early hominins?

    <p>Greatly increased brain size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hominin genus do most early hominins belong to?

    <p>Australopithecus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mosaic evolution?

    <p>Development at different rates in different functional systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of cultural dependency in later hominins related to?

    <p>$2.5 mya stone tools found</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes modern Homo sapiens' dentition from that of early hominins?

    <p>Small incisors; canines further reduced; molar tooth enamel caps thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes early hominin's locomotion from that of Miocene generalized hominoids?

    <p>Bipedal: shortened pelvis; differences from later hominins, smaller body and long arms relative to legs; long fingers and toes; capable of considerable climbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the capabilities of Miocene generalized hominoids related to stone tools?

    <p>No stone tools; probably had capabilities similar to chimpanzees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the term 'hominin(s)'?

    <p>Members of the tribe Hominini, characterized by dental features, bipedal locomotion, large brain size, and tool-making behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which epoch did the 'Golden age of hominoids' occur?

    <p>Miocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epoch saw the appearance of parapithecids and propliopithecids?

    <p>Oligocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'True' primates during the Eocene epoch were represented by which groups?

    <p>Adapoids (lemur-like) &amp; omomyoids (tarsier-like)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Hominin Origins' primarily refers to the history of the evolution of:

    <p>Bipedal hominoids with a focus on early human ancestors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is part of the material culture in biocultural evolution?

    <p>All aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic in hominin evolution?

    <p>Bipedal locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of hominin evolution?

    <p>Bipedal locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes early hominin's locomotion from that of Miocene generalized hominoids?

    <p>Long arms relative to legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant development in modern Homo sapiens compared to early hominins?

    <p>Greatly increased brain size—highly encephalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epoch saw the appearance of parapithecids and propliopithecids?

    <p>Miocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'True' primates during the Eocene epoch were represented by which groups?

    <p>\text{Adapids and omomyids}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Golden age of hominoids' occurred during which epoch?

    <p>\text{Miocene}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the capabilities of Miocene generalized hominoids related to stone tools?

    <p>No stone tools; probably had capabilities similar to chimpanzees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is part of the material culture?

    <p>Stone tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of locomotion seen only in hominins?

    <p>Bipedalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the ability to use fire do for early humans?

    <p>Increased cognitive abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the wider view of the surrounding environment due to bipedalism allow early humans to do?

    <p>Have a broader awareness of potential threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major event that coincided with major changes in African climate according to the fossil record?

    <p>Emergence of our genus, Homo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allowed early humans to obtain food, find shelter, and escape predators?

    <p>Technological advancements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for apes that are bipedal?

    <p>Hominins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What era saw the importance of the environment in allowing certain organisms to be present?

    <p>Cenozoic era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did efficient bipedalism free the hands for?

    <p>Carrying objects and making tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an advantage of efficient bipedalism?

    <p>Wider view of the surrounding environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did human evolution and behavioral development likely result from according to the lecture notes?

    <p>Climatically mediated factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the complete commitment to bipedalism in hominins?

    <p>Obligate bipedalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of locomotion seen only in hominins?

    <p>Bipedalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did efficient bipedalism free the hands for?

    <p>Making and using tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epoch saw the appearance of parapithecids and propliopithecids?

    <p>Miocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is part of the material culture in biocultural evolution?

    <p>Stone tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'postcranial' refer to?

    <p>Anatomical features below the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Hominin Origins' primarily refers to the history of the evolution of:

    <p>The lineage leading to modern humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical evidence supports bipedalism?

    <p>Position of the foramen magnum centered beneath the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the pelvis in bipeds?

    <p>Basin-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the femurs positioned in bipeds?

    <p>Angled inward (Knock-kneed)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the foot in bipedalism?

    <p>It serves as a stable support instead of grasping limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the distinctive arch in the foot of bipeds?

    <p>To provide spring and absorb shock during walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows full extension of the knee in bipeds?

    <p>Lever system and strong ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the presence of opposable big toe in Ardipithecus?

    <p>It suggests arboreal locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of the non-honing chewing complex in humans?

    <p>Presence of large upper canine and 1st premolar arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Ardipithecus' bowl-shaped pelvis?

    <p>It suggests a mix of bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of Australopiths' molars and premolars?

    <p>Small molars and premolars with thin enamel like apes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Sahelanthropus tchadensis' is significant as it is:

    <p>The oldest possible hominin with preserved cranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Orrorin tungenensis' is notable for being:

    <p>The first hominin with postcranial remains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the reduced facial projection (prognathism) in early hominins indicate?

    <p>A transitional phase in hominin evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of honing complex represent in early hominins?

    <p>A mix of bipedal and quadrupedal characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated timeframe for the existence of Pre-australopiths?

    <p>7-4.2 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was Sahelanthropus tchadensis found?

    <p>Chad in Central Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated age of Orrorin tungensis?

    <p>6 million years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region did Ardipithecus ramidus live?

    <p>Ethiopia in Eastern Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated time range for the existence of Australopiths?

    <p>~4.2-1.2 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Hominins are limited to the continent of African until about' which time period?

    <p>1.8 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which African country was Orrorin tungensis found?

    <p>Kenya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major feature of Gracile Australopiths?

    <p>Relatively small brains compared to Homo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were the Gracile Australopiths A. Africanus and A. Afarensis primarily found?

    <p>Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, and North-Central Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated size range of Gracile Australopiths?

    <p>30-60 kg or 66-132 lbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of the molars of Gracile Australopiths?

    <p>Large teeth, particularly back teeth, with thick to very thick enamel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genera make up the Gracile Group Australopiths?

    <p>Australopithecus and Paranthropus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the established time range of the Gracile Group Australopiths?

    <p>&gt;3 million years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group did not primarily exhibit arboreal suspension/climbing as a mode of locomotion?

    <p>Robust Australopiths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated brain size of Australopithecus afarensis?

    <p>400 - 550 cc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the most famous fossil of Australopithecus afarensis named after?

    <p>A Beatles song</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant feature of 'Lucy' (Australopithecus afarensis)?

    <p>Evidence for tree-climbing adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trends were observed in the dental changes from chimpanzees to Homo sapiens?

    <p>Parallel and prognathic to less parallel, more parabolic and less prognathic to parabolic and orthognathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Lucy' (Australopithecus afarensis) was primarily adapted for which form of locomotion?

    <p>'Bipedalism'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the dental arch become in early hominins compared to apes?

    <p>Parabolic instead of U-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a distinguishing feature of early hominin dentition compared to apes?

    <p>Small front teeth and large back teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the reduced canines in Australopithecus afarensis?

    <p>Indicated mainly herbivorous diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

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