Homeostasis and Water Balance Quiz
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Homeostasis and Water Balance Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What physiological variable is primarily regulated through homeostasis related to blood pressure?

  • O2
  • Glucemia
  • Volemia (correct)
  • Temperatura

    • What is the primary component responsible for hemostasis?

  • Intracellular fluid
  • Hemoglobin
  • Coagulation factors (correct)
  • Blood volume

    • Which of the following percentages represents the Total Body Water (TBW) in an average human body?

  • 40%
  • 60% (correct)
  • 70%
  • 50%

    • What type of fluid accumulation is referred to as edema?

    <p>Fluid in the interstitial space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which compartment is a higher concentration of potassium (K) typically found?

    <p>Intracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the formula V=Q/C represent in the context of distribution?

    <p>Volume of compartment based on quantity and concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicators is used to measure extracellular fluid volume?

    <p>22Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about transudate is true?

    <p>Caused by pressure imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte is present in the lowest concentration in intracellular fluid (LIC)?

    <p>Sodium (Na)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a significant cause of water imbalance?

    <p>Disruption in physiological balance between intake and loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of a membrane allows for certain substances to pass through selectively?

    <p>Semi-permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fluid that comprises plasma volume in relation to Total Body Water?

    <p>4-5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process primarily regulates solute concentration across a membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal plasma osmolarity range?

    <p>270-310 mOsm/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte is primarily concentrated in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role does albumin play in the body?

    <p>Provides nutrition to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the turbinates in the nasal cavity?

    <p>To increase surface area for air flow and odorant detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for sending signals from the olfactory bulb to the brain?

    <p>Olfactory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of olfactory receptor cells is sensitive to specific odorant molecules?

    <p>Specialized neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does anosmia refer to?

    <p>Complete loss of smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the tongue contains circumvallate papillae?

    <p>Back of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes taste receptor cells in taste buds?

    <p>They have microvilli that extend into taste pores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic tastes detected by taste receptor cells?

    <p>Umami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensation is primarily responsible for detecting texture during food consumption?

    <p>Filiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ossicles in the ear?

    <p>To amplify sound vibrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Eustachian tube play in hearing?

    <p>It equalizes pressure in the middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hair cells in the cochlea contribute to the process of hearing?

    <p>They convert mechanical energy into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is presbycusis?

    <p>Age-related hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the ear is responsible for balance and spatial orientation?

    <p>Vestibular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the auditory pathway does signal processing first occur?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tinnitus commonly described as?

    <p>Ringing or buzzing in the ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cochlea?

    <p>To convert sound waves into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mechanoreceptors?

    <p>Detect touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory pathway carries signals specifically for pain and temperature?

    <p>Spinothalamic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area of the brain is the somatosensory cortex located?

    <p>Parietal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are responsible for detecting light touch and pressure?

    <p>Meissner corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thalamus in the somatosensory system?

    <p>Receives sensory signals from the spinal cord and relays them to the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the somatosensory cortex is primarily responsible for receiving sensory input from the thalamus?

    <p>Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting pain, temperature, and pressure extremes?

    <p>Free nerve endings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do areas of the body with greater sensitivity have larger representations in the somatosensory cortex?

    <p>They have more sensory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ### Homeostasis

    • Maintaining the internal environment within appropriate limits
    • Includes variables like blood glucose, carbon dioxide levels, blood volume, temperature, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and pain

    Hemostasis

    • Prevents blood loss
    • Depends on the vessel wall, platelets, and coagulation factors

    Water

    • Fundamental element of life
    • Contributes to glandular secretions
    • Universal solvent: Transports nutrients and waste products
    • Dilutes food during digestion and absorption
    • Regulates temperature
    • Maintains blood volume, blood pressure, and renal function
    • Maintains normal electrolyte concentrations
    • Total body water (TBW): 60% of body weight

    Factors Affecting TBW

    • Body fat, age, sex, pregnancy
    • Pregnancy related changes: Increased blood volume and decreased physiological blood pressure

    Distribution of TBW

    • Intracellular fluid (ICF): 35%
    • Extracellular fluid (ECF): 21-25%
      • Interstitial fluid: 17% of TBW
      • Plasma: 4-5% of TBW

    Compartment Composition

    • Intracellular: High Potassium (K+), Low Sodium (Na+), Low Chloride (Cl-), low Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
    • Extracellular: High Sodium (Na+), High Chloride (Cl-), Low Potassium (K+), high Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

    Blood Volume

    • Blood volume: 4-4.5% of TBW
    • Plasma volume: 4-5% of TBW
    • Hematocrit: 45%

    Lymph

    • Lymphatic fluid: 2% of TBW
    • Contains lymphocytes, proteins, and fats

    Transcellular Spaces

    • ~1-3% of TBW
    • Located between serous membranes
    • ~ 100 ml volume
    • Includes cerebrospinal fluid, gastrointestinal fluids, amniotic fluid, humors of the eye

    Derrame

    • Accumulation of excess fluid in a body cavity

    Edema

    • Fluid accumulation in the interstitial space

    Types of Derrame

    • Transudate: Poor in protein and cells. Caused by pressure/osmotic imbalances, without inflammation
    • Exudate: Rich in protein and cells. Associated with inflammation and increased vascular permeability.

    Method of Dilution Indicator

    • Involves injecting a known substance into a compartment, allowing it to distribute evenly
    • Concentration of the substance is then measured
    • Volume of the compartment is calculated using the formula: V=Q/C
      • V: Volume of compartment
      • Q: Quantity of indicator
      • C: Concentration of the indicator

    ### Types of Indicators

    • TBW: 3H2O, 2H2O, urea
    • ECF: 22Na+
    • Plasma volume: Albumin labelled with iodine or Evans blue

    Fick's Law

    • Relates the volume of distribution of a substance to its total quantity and concentration

    Water Balance

    • Equilibrium between water intake and loss

    ### Water Intake

    • Exogeneous water: Drinking
    • Endogeneous water: 300-400 ml/day. Produced by metabolism, primarily from oxygen used in respiration.

    ### Water Losses

    • Respiration: 500 ml/day
    • Skin: 500 ml/day
    • Urine: 800-2000 ml/day
    • Feces: 100 ml/day
    • Insensible losses (IL): 700-900 ml/day
      • Adults: 15 ml/kg/day
      • Children: 30 ml/kg/day

    Water Imbalance

    • Disruption of the water intake and loss balance.

    Potassium (K+)

    • More concentrated in the ICF
    • Maintains resting and membrane potential
    • Contributes to muscle excitability
    • Regulates acid-base balance
    • Contributes to renal function

    Sodium (Na+)

    • More concentrated in the ECF
    • Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
    • Contributes to nerve conduction and muscle contraction
    • Influences blood volume and pressure

    Albumin and Globulins

    • Contribute to blood viscosity, tissue nutrition, and osmotic pressure
    • Assist with membrane transport and blood coagulation
    • Contribute to oncotic pressure and blood transport
    • Assist with digestion, muscle contraction, movement, and gene expression
    • Regulate protein production and cell function

    Exchange Between Compartments

    • Depends on membrane characteristics:
      • Impermeable: No movement across the membrane
      • Permeable: Substances can move freely across the membrane
      • Semipermeable: Allows only certain substances to pass
    • Also depends on properties of molecules

    Osmosis

    • Movement of solvent across a semipermeable membrane, regulating solute concentration on both sides of the membrane

    Osmolarity of Body Fluids

    • Plasma osmolarity: 270-310 mOsm/L
    • Hypertonic solutions: Cause cells to shrink by losing water
    • Isotonic solutions: Maintain normal cell volume
    • Hypotonic solution: Cause cells to swell by gaining water

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    Related Documents

    Homeostasis and Hemostasia PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the concepts of homeostasis and the importance of water in maintaining internal balance in the human body. This quiz covers various factors affecting total body water and its distribution. Dive into the roles of water in physiological processes and hemostasis.

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