Homeostasis and the Parasympathetic System
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Questions and Answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

  • Craniosacral division
  • Sympathetic nervous system (correct)
  • Thoracolumbar division
  • Parasympathetic nervous system

    • What neurotransmitter is universally released by all preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?

  • Dopamine
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Acetylcholine (correct)

    • Which of the following statements best describes the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  • It induces a state of relaxation and conserves energy. (correct)
  • It prepares the body for intense physical activity.
  • It accelerates heart rate and increases blood flow to muscles.
  • It primarily regulates sensory information.

    • Which system works alongside the autonomic nervous system to maintain homeostasis in the body?

    <p>The endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the autonomic nervous system operate?

    <p>Independently but cooperatively with the endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do most postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system have on physiological processes?

    <p>Stimulating, increasing the activity of various organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions affect homeostasis?

    <p>It allows for fine adjustments to bodily functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT correctly characterize the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Controls voluntary muscle movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system regarding its preganglionic axons?

    <p>They are short and highly branched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the main role of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?

    <p>They are located in the thoraco-lumbar region and have cell bodies in the lateral gray horns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic that distinguishes sympathetic division ganglia from parasympathetic ganglia?

    <p>Sympathetic ganglia are located laterally to the vertebral column and have more ganglia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the main function of the parasympathetic division?

    <p>It conserves energy and directs vital housekeeping activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the innervation of visceral structures by preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

    <p>They supply visceral structures including sweat glands and smooth muscles in the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the preganglionic neurons within the parasympathetic division?

    <p>They are located in the brain stem and sacral segments S2-S4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are collateral ganglia, which are part of the sympathetic division, primarily located?

    <p>Anterior to the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of acetylcholinesterase on acetylcholine in the parasympathetic division?

    <p>It rapidly breaks down acetylcholine to ensure short-lived actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the parasympathetic division's functionality differ from that of the sympathetic division?

    <p>The sympathetic division is more localized and specific.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT influenced by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Skeletal muscles in the limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of sympathetic trunk ganglia?

    <p>They control effectors in the body wall, head, neck, limbs, and thoracic cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities is most directly stimulated by the parasympathetic division?

    <p>Digestion and elimination of waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the spinal cord is associated with the sympathetic division?

    <p>Thoraco-lumbar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for acetylcholine to be broken down by acetylcholinesterase?

    <p>Within 2-3 milliseconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the sympathetic division makes it more complex than the parasympathetic division?

    <p>It innervates a wider variety of organs and has a higher number of ganglia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately reflects the innervation targets for ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?

    <p>Visceral organs within internal cavities and superficial structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the gray ramus communicans in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>It allows postganglionic fibers to exit the sympathetic trunk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is described as having modified sympathetic ganglion function?

    <p>Suprarenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the white appearance of the ramus communicans?

    <p>The covering of nerve fibers with white myelin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does a preganglionic axon ascend or descend in the sympathetic trunk?

    <p>To synapse in another trunk ganglion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron is primarily involved in the communication between the spinal nerve and effector organs?

    <p>Postganglionic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily serves as the site for synapsing at a higher or lower level in the sympathetic trunk?

    <p>Sympathetic ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the synapse of a preganglionic axon in a trunk ganglion?

    <p>Exit of the postganglionic fiber through the gray ramus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT involved in the pathway from the sympathetic trunk to the effector organs?

    <p>Corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of neuron structure contributes to the fast conduction of signals in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Myelination of axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the autonomic nervous system's sympathetic division?

    <p>To prepare the body for 'fight or flight' responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the intrinsic eye muscles, pupil, and lens?

    <p>Cranial Nerve III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for providing innervation to the parotid salivary glands?

    <p>Cranial Nerve IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve innervates the tear glands and submandibular/sublingual salivary glands?

    <p>Cranial Nerve VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve supplies the visceral organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavity?

    <p>Cranial Nerve X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pelvic nerves responsible for in the parasympathetic division?

    <p>Innervating the visceral organs in the lower abdominopelvic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT assist in parasympathetic functions?

    <p>Cranial Nerve V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about cranial nerves and their target organs is accurate?

    <p>Cranial Nerve III innervates the intrinsic eye muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers are involved in the destination innervation of cranial nerves in the parasympathetic division?

    <p>Preganglionic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region do the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division particularly originate from?

    <p>Brain and sacral region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is involved in activating the abdominal cavity glands?

    <p>Cranial Nerve X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autonomic Nervous System Overview

    • Comprises self-governing functions, operating independently of conscious control, coordinating internal body environments.
    • Works alongside the endocrine system to regulate vital functions like heart rate, digestion, and temperature.
    • Involuntary system adjusting routines of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
    • Divided into two main parts: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

    Parasympathetic Nervous System

    • Known as the craniosacral division, primarily responsible for "rest and digest" functions.
    • Regulates body temperature and coordinates various organ systems.
    • Preganglionic fibers exit from cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) to innervate specific glands and visceral organs.
    • Sacral region (S2-S4) also contributes via pelvic nerves, targeting lower abdominal structures.

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Known as the thoracolumbar division, activated during stress, emergencies, or physical activity ("fight, flight, or fright").
    • Preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine; the most postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine, both having stimulatory effects.
    • More complex than the parasympathetic system, innervating various organs and inhibiting non-vital organ functions during stress.

    Preganglionic Neurons

    • Located within the thoracolumbar region (T1-L2) with cell bodies in lateral gray horns.
    • Axons enter spinal cord through ventral roots, propagating to sympathetic ganglia.

    Ganglionic Neurons

    • Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) handle effectors in the body wall and limbs.
    • Collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia) innervate organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
    • Provide a widespread effect due to numerous ganglia and synapses.

    Specialized Neurons

    • Adrenal medulla serves as a modified sympathetic ganglion, contributing hormones during stress responses.

    Synapse Mechanism

    • Preganglionic axons can ascend or descend within the sympathetic trunk before synapsing at different levels in ganglia.
    • Postganglionic fibers exit via gray ramus communican to reach effector organs.

    Functionality Factors

    • The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems is crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
    • Parasympathetic effects are localized and specific due to less divergence compared to sympathetic fibers.
    • Stimulation effects are short-lived in the parasympathetic system due to rapid breakdown of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in maintaining homeostasis. It focuses on the craniosacral division and its regulation of body temperature, and coordination of essential bodily functions. Learn how this system works alongside the endocrine system to control our internal environment.

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