Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines homeostasis?

  • The ability to maintain a stable internal environment (correct)
  • The creation of energy within the body
  • The process of responding to external stimuli
  • The process of growing and developing

    • The sensor in a homeostatic mechanism processes information from the integrator.

    False

    Name the three elements of homeostatic mechanisms.

    sensor, integrator, effector

    The ______ system and the ______ system are primarily involved in maintaining homeostasis.

    <p>nervous; endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of negative feedback in the human body?

    <p>Maintaining blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the feedback type with its characteristic:

    <p>Positive Feedback = Amplifies change Negative Feedback = Reverses change Sensor = Detects changes Effector = Carries out response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe one example of positive feedback in the human body.

    <p>Labor and childbirth, where oxytocin causes contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effector in a homeostatic system is responsible for detecting the changes in the environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of motor neurons?

    <p>Carry signals from the CNS to effectors like muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dendrites are responsible for transmitting signals away from the cell body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintains the resting potential of a neuron?

    <p>Sodium-potassium pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During depolarization, ______ ions rush into the axon, causing a positive charge.

    <p>sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of a neuron with their functions:

    <p>Dendrites = Receive signals from other neurons Axon = Transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body Myelin Sheath = Insulate and speed up signal transmission Axon Terminal = Communicate with other cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the fight or flight response?

    <p>Release of adrenaline and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homeotherms can maintain a stable body temperature despite changes in the external environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hypothalamus play in body temperature regulation?

    <p>It acts as a thermostat to regulate body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the body is cold, blood vessels in the skin ______ to decrease blood flow.

    <p>constrict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of thermoregulation with their examples:

    <p>Homeotherms = Birds and humans Endotherms = Mammals that generate heat metabolically Ectotherms = Reptiles and amphibians Hypothalamus = Thermostat of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ectotherms maintain a constant internal body temperature regardless of environmental conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one effect of the body when it is too hot.

    <p>Sweating or blood vessels dilate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of the nervous system?

    <p>To help the body maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the ______ response.

    <p>fight or flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of neurons to their functions:

    <p>Sensory Neurons = Carry sensory information to the CNS Interneurons = Connect sensory and motor neurons Motor Neurons = Transmit commands from the CNS to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing, interpreting, and storing sensory information?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic division promotes the 'rest and digest' responses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the spinal cord play in the nervous system?

    <p>Acts as a relay between the brain and peripheral nervous system; controls reflex actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is the process where the body maintains a stable internal environment.
    • Key organ systems involved include the nervous system, endocrine system, muscular system, hair, nails, skin, reproductive system, and excretory system (kidneys).
    • Circulation plays a vital role by transporting nutrients, waste, and hormones, regulating pH through buffering systems, and the maintaining homeostasis.

    Homeostatic Mechanisms

    • Homeostatic mechanisms involve three key elements:
      • Sensor: detects changes in the internal or external environment.
      • Integrator: processes information from sensors, determines the response, and acts as the control center.
      • Effector: carries out the response to restore balance.

    Feedback Mechanisms

    • Negative Feedback: Reverses a change, returning conditions to their original state (e.g., maintaining body temperature, blood pH, returning to resting heart rate after exercise).
    • Positive Feedback: Amplifies a change, taking the body further from its normal condition (e.g., labor and childbirth, hormone oxytocin).

    Body Temperature Regulation

    • The hypothalamus acts as a thermostat, regulating body temperature.
    • When cold, blood vessels constrict, skeletal muscles contract (shivering), and hair stands on end to conserve heat.
    • When hot, blood vessels dilate, sweat glands activate, cooling the body.

    Body Temperature Classification

    • Homeotherms: Maintain a stable body temperature independent of external environment (e.g., birds, humans).
    • Endotherms: Generate internal heat through metabolic processes (typically homeothermic).
    • Ectotherms: Rely on external heat sources, and their body temperature fluctuates (e.g., reptiles, amphibians).

    Nervous System

    • The nervous system is responsible to maintain homeostasis via quick, short-lived responses.
    • The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

    Types of Neurons

    • Sensory Neurons (Afferent): Transmit information from receptors (e.g., skin, eyes) to the CNS.
    • Interneurons (Association): Connect sensory neurons to motor neurons within the CNS.
    • Motor Neurons (Efferent): Transmit signals from the CNS to effectors (e.g., muscles, glands).

    Neuron Structure

    • Dendrites: Branch-like structures receiving signals from other neurons.
    • Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus, processing incoming signals.
    • Axon: A long fiber transmitting electrical impulses away from the cell body.
    • Myelin Sheath: Insulating layer speeding up signal transmission.
    • Axon Terminal: End branches where the neuron communicates with other cells.

    Action Potential

    • An action potential is a rapid electrical signal traveling along an axon.
    • Gated channels, specifically sodium and potassium channels, are involved, triggering a change in voltage across the membrane.
    • Sodium channels open initially, followed by potassium channels, resulting in depolarization and repolarization phases, maintaining homeostasis across cell membrane.
    • The sodium-potassium pump helps restore the resting potential.

    Brain Lobes and Functions

    • Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain involved in reasoning, decision-making, voluntary movement, speech, sensory processing (touch, temperature, pain), hearing, memory, language comprehension, and vision.
    • Cerebellum: Coordinates balance, posture, and voluntary movements.
    • Brainstem: Controls basic life functions (breathing, heart rate).
    • Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis (e.g., temperature, hunger, thirst).

    Reflex Arc

    • A reflex arc is a neural pathway responsible for a fast, involuntary response.
    • It involves a receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and an effector.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of homeostasis and the mechanisms that maintain a stable internal environment in the body. This quiz covers key organ systems, homeostatic elements, and the difference between negative and positive feedback. Test your knowledge to understand how these processes regulate physiological balance.

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