Homeostasis and Directional Terms Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the biceps brachii originate from?

  • The thoracic cavity
  • The diaphragm
  • The scapula (correct)
  • The radius

    • Which structure is responsible for reducing friction between tendons?

  • Fasciae
  • Tendon sheath (correct)
  • Ligaments
  • Muscle fibers

    • What is the structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

  • Diaphragm (correct)
  • Abdominal muscles
  • Pelvic bones
  • Vertebral column

    • Which organ is NOT housed within the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure provides support and separates muscles and organs?

    <p>Fasciae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the thymus play in the body?

    <p>Immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for rotational movement and is typically found in the hip and shoulder?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid do bursae contain?

    <p>Synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint is characterized by two flat surfaces gliding over each other?

    <p>Plane joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the esophagus?

    <p>Transporting food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the movement of a limb away from the median plane of the body?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a pivot joint?

    <p>Allows for rotation around a single axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows for movements such as flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction but prevents axial rotation?

    <p>Ellipsoid joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In muscle attachments, which point is typically less mobile and referred to as the origin?

    <p>The less mobile attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperextension in the context of hinge joints refers to what?

    <p>Extending the joint beyond its normal range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for opposition movement, such as in the thumb?

    <p>Saddle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sensors in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To detect information from the internal and external environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes extrinsic regulation in homeostasis?

    <p>It is controlled by the nervous or endocrine systems simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which directional term refers to a position closer to the head?

    <p>Cranial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the transverse plane divide the body into?

    <p>Cranial and caudal segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes autoregulation?

    <p>It involves automatic responses at the cell or tissue level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a controller in homeostasis?

    <p>Muscle cells responding to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of effectors in the homeostasis process?

    <p>To perform actions that regulate balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term lateral mean in anatomical directional terms?

    <p>Away from the median plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is characterized by having a shaft with a medullary cavity filled with bone marrow?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes flat bones from other types of bones?

    <p>They consist of an outer layer of compact bone and spongy bone inside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of sesamoid bones?

    <p>They develop within a tendon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fibrous joints primarily differ from cartilaginous joints?

    <p>Fibrous joints are primarily immovable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the components of synovial joints?

    <p>Joint cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the meniscus serve in a joint?

    <p>It reinforces joint stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with pneumatic bones?

    <p>They contain sinuses filled with air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes synovial joints from fibrous and cartilaginous joints?

    <p>They contain a fluid-filled joint cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity?

    <p>To support organs and reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is part of both the urinary and reproductive systems in the pelvic cavity?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is specifically involved in the immune system?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is located below the pelvic brim?

    <p>Lesser pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of membrane covers the organs in the pelvic cavity?

    <p>Visceral peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily responsible for filtering blood and producing urine?

    <p>Urinary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organ is the pancreas classified as in the digestive system?

    <p>Accessory organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs stores feces before elimination?

    <p>Rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Homeostasis

    • The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes
    • Two mechanisms: autoregulation (automatic) and extrinsic regulation (nervous and endocrine systems)
    • Three steps: sensors (detect change), controllers (process information), effectors (take action)

    Directional Terms and Planes

    • Median Plane: Imaginary vertical plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves
    • Sagittal Plane: Any plane parallel to the median plane
    • Transverse Plane: Horizontal plane dividing the body into cranial and caudal segments
    • Horizontal Plane: Perpendicular to the median and transverse planes, dividing the body into dorsal and ventral segments
    • Cranial: Toward the head
    • Caudal: Toward the tail
    • Dorsal: Toward or beyond the backbone
    • Ventral: Away from the backbone, toward the mid-abdominal wall
    • Medial: Close to or toward the median plane
    • Lateral: Away from the median plane

    Bone Classification

    • Long Bones: Limb bones, contain a medullary cavity filled with bone marrow (e.g., femur, humerus)
    • Flat Bones: Outer compact bone, inner cancellous bone, no medullary cavity (e.g., skull bones, scapula, ribs)
    • Short Bones: Outer compact bone, core of cancellous bone, no medullary cavity (e.g., carpal and tarsal bones)
    • Irregular Bones: Similar to short bones in structure, but with a less uniform shape, lie in the midline and are unpaired (e.g., vertebrae)
    • Sesamoid Bones: Develop within tendons or ligaments, help change tendon angle (e.g., patella)
    • Pneumatic Bones: Contain air-filled spaces (sinuses) to reduce weight (e.g., maxillary and frontal bones)

    Fibrous and Cartilaginous Joints

    • Fibrous Joints: Connect bones with dense fibrous connective tissue, mostly immovable (e.g., sutures of the skull)
    • Cartilaginous Joints: Unite bones using cartilage, limited mobility (e.g., joints between vertebrae)

    Synovial Joints

    • Structure: Joint cavity, articular cartilage, joint capsule (with synovial membrane and fibrous layer)
    • Components:
      • Ligaments: Connective tissue bands connecting bone to bone
      • Meniscus: Fibrocartilage partially or fully dividing the joint cavity, improving stability
      • Synovial Fluid: Lubricates the joint
    • Types:
      • Plane Joint: One flat bone surface glides over another
      • Hinge Joint: Allows flexion (decreasing angle) and extension (increasing angle)
      • Condylar Joint: Allows for finger movements
      • Ball and Socket Joint: Rotation, but more flexible and prone to instability (e.g., hip and shoulder)
      • Saddle Joint: Opposition movement (e.g., thumb)
      • Pivot Joint: Rotation (e.g., supination and pronation of the forearm)
      • Ellipsoid Joint: Allows for flexion-extension, adduction-abduction, and circumduction, but not axial rotation

    Movement Types

    • Flexion/Extension: Antagonistic movements, flexion decreases angle, extension increases angle
    • Abduction/Adduction: Movement away from (abduction) or towards (adduction) the median plane
    • Rotation: Twists on the own axis, inward or outward
    • Circumduction: Circular movement of an extremity
    • Gliding/Sliding: Articular surfaces slide over one another
    • Protection:
      • Cranial: Limb moves forward
      • Retraction: Limb moves backward

    Muscle Forms and Classification

    • Attachments: Most muscles attach to two bones, the less mobile attachment is the origin, the more mobile attachment is the insertion
    • Classification:
      • By Number of Joints: Uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial (referring to the number of planes of movement)
      • By Functional Effect: Flexors, extensors, adductors, abductors, rotators, etc.

    Accessory Muscle Structures

    • Fasciae: Connective tissue sheets surrounding and separating muscles, organs, and other structures, providing support and reducing friction
    • Tendon Sheaths: Tubular coverings around certain tendons, containing synovial fluid for lubrication and protection
    • Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs between bones and soft tissues, cushioning and reducing friction

    Thoracic Cavity

    • Walls: Rib cage, thoracic vertebrae, and muscles
    • Mediastinum: Central compartment between the lungs, houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and major blood vessels
    • Pleura: Double-layered membrane covering the lungs (visceral pleura) and lining the cavity (parietal pleura)
    • Organs: Lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, thymus

    Abdominal Cavity

    • Walls: Abdominal muscles, vertebral column, diaphragm, and pelvic bones
    • Anatomical Regions: Divided into nine regions or four quadrants
    • Peritoneum: Double-layered membrane lining the cavity, supports and reduces friction between organs
    • Organs: Stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, spleen, adrenal glands

    Pelvic Cavity

    • Walls: Pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx, and muscles
    • Anatomical Regions: Greater (false) pelvis and lesser (true) pelvis
    • Peritoneum: Covers organs in the pelvic cavity
    • Organs: Bladder, rectum, reproductive organs (e.g., prostate, uterus, ovaries)

    Biosafety

    • Anatomy and Physiology Department Biosecurity Standard Operating Procedures (Chapter 3)
    • Procedures in Dissection Classes

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on homeostasis and directional terms in anatomy. This quiz covers the mechanisms of autoregulation and extrinsic regulation, as well as various anatomical planes and directional terminology. Perfect for students of anatomy and physiology.

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