Euro ppl test

the Holy Roman emperor who ordered Luther to recant his 95 Theses, then ordered Luther's execution, but could not carry through because of a threat of civil war

King of France, Protestant who converted to Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes giving Huguenots religious toleration "Paris is well worth a mass"

The King of France before Henry of Navarre, was a Catholic, assassinated

worked under Louis XIV, mercantilism, followed Dutch model to make French economically successful

James IV of Scotland became King James I of England, absolute monarch, refused to work with Parliament, had problems with Puritans by not making enough reforms to clear the country of Catholicism

Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)

Italian humanist scholar of Renaissance, translator and writer of letters, histories, commentaries, political theory, biographies, and memoirs

(1440) demonstrated that an important Roman Catholic document, "Donation of Constantine" was a forgery

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens. He used Renaissance methods such as geometric perspective to articulate philosophers like Plato and Aristotle

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature. Used marble and bronze, made them shallow and gave them the illusion of depth.

Created the Anglican church so he could get divorced and remarry, had 7 wives who were divorced, beheaded, or died Needed an heir and a spare

This daughter of Henry VIII who would become a well known queen, saw the removal of many Catholic trappings left over from her father's reign. Rivaled Phillip II and called for protestant rebellions through Europe

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. Believed in things like predestination

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. Questioned tithes, mass, and infant baptism Supported adult baptism, clerical marriage, and the destruction of relics

From Italy to France by way of political marriage (St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre) Catherine (a catholic) didn't want Catholics to take her power, so she tried to become a Huguenot. The wedding resulted in religious fighting

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Child king of France whose corrupt reign was run mostly by Cardinal Richelieu.

Successor of Cardinal Richelieu. He ran the government while Louis XIV was still a child. His bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state lead to the Fronde.

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. Revoked the Edict of Nantes

(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

Has a huge Spanish empire to maintain, loses Netherlands (very rich territory); then loses its huge armada to the English

(1682-1725) Leader of Russia, saw Russia as a backwards, medieval country, joined the Grand Embassy and returned home convinced Russia needed to Westernize, warred with the Swedish Empire in the Great Northern War (1700-1721), gained new capital (St. Petersburg), founded St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, The Shaving of the Boyars, abolished the patriarch, and established Holy Synod

Established himself as an absolute monarch, led the Swedish army in several battles and emerged victorious in almost all despite being outnumbered, defeated Denmark, rejected a peace offer from Peter the Great, armies were fearless of death and utilized bayonets and swords

Takes over England as a Military Dictator (1649-1659), refers to himself as "The Lord Protector", turned England into a strict Puritan state, Cromwell's death (1659) resulted in a new Parliament becoming established

talian explorer (1451-1506), devout Christian and experienced captain, concluded the Earth was small enough that the fastest route to Asia from Europe was sailing west across the Atlantic, he believed he had reached Asia and claimed the lands as Spain

(106 BCE-43BCE) Roman statesman and orator wrote "Letters to Atticus" which gave insight into political life in classical Rome, became a secular model of active, engaged citizenship

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe, encouraged the reading of the New Testament, wrote "Praise of Folly" (1509)

Married to Isabella, carried out Reconquista, titled as "the Catholic Kings", drove Muslims out of Spain, known for his discovery of the Americas

Portuguese explorer (1480-1521) set out in 1519 to explore the eastern coast of South America and the Pacific Ocean, reached the islands in 1521

Conquistador (1475-1541) arrived in the region in 1530 and found the Inca Empire in a weakened condition and took advantage of the situation, established a new Spanish capital in Lima that governed Peru

Considered the most famous Italian Baroque architect and sculptor (1598-1680), his figures appeared to be in motion as their muscles flexed and faces showed emotion

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

New monarch and heiress of Castile and unified Spain, in marrying Ferdinand, heir of Aragon; wanted to strengthen royal authority and limit aristocratic power; hostile to religions other than Christianity; encouraged imperialism and the Spanish Age of Exploration

One of the first artists to excel at the new medium of oil painting (1390-1441), signed many of his paintings with the notion "As best I can"

The most famous indulgence preacher, hired to sell in the German states of the Holy Roman Empire

Venetian merchant who published an account of his travels throughout Asia in the late 13th century, giving medieval Europeans their most detailed information about that region

Daughter of James II. Married to William III, enthroned as protestant leader.

The most prominent Baroque painter of northern Europe (1577-1640), his paintings were dramatic in their use of light and color and dynamic movement

Studied at the University of Oxford, argued in favor of education for women and abolition of private property

James II's Dutch son-in-law, a Protestant, ruled as William III with his wife Mary II

Charles V

Henry IV

Henry III

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

James I

John Knox

Leonardo Bruni

Lorenzo Valla

Raphael

Donatello

Henry VIII

Elizabeth I

John Calvin

Ulrich Zwingli

Catherine de Medici

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII

Cardinal Mazarin

Louis XIV

Ignatius of Loyola

Philip II

Peter the Great

Carolus Rex

Oliver Cromwell

Christopher Columbus

Cicero

Erasmus

Ferdinand of Spain

Ferdinand Magellan

Francisco Pizarro

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Hernando Cortés

Isabella of Spain

Jan van Eyck

Johann Tetzel

Marco Polo

Mary II

Peter Paul Rubens

Thomas More

William of Orange