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Questions and Answers
What is the Apgar score?
A method of assessing the health of newborns shortly after birth.
What are the stages of growth and development in children?
Which growth parameter includes body mass index?
Red flags in growth parameters are clinically insignificant.
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What is a red flag if a child is unable to walk alone?
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At what age should a child be able to transfer objects from hand to hand?
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Which of the following is a fine motor task for a 4 year old?
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Lack of socialization in preschool children is a red flag.
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What is a red flag for school-age children?
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A normal child should be able to speak a two-word sentence by age _____ years.
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Which of the following is an example of a behavioral problem in adolescents?
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Study Notes
Growth and Development of Children
- Apgar Score: Assessment tool to evaluate a newborn's physical condition immediately after birth.
- Growth Parameters: Key indicators include weight, length, head circumference (up to 2 years), and body mass index (BMI = weight/height²).
Stages of Growth and Development
- Infancy: Birth to 1 year, including neonate (0-1 month).
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Early Childhood:
- Toddler (1-3 years)
- Preschool (3-6 years).
- Middle Childhood: School age (6-12 years).
- Late Childhood: 13 years approximately.
- Adolescence: 13 to 18 years.
Red Flags in Growth Parameters
- Growth below the 3rd to 5th centile has clinical significance.
- An occipital-frontal circumference (OFC) above the 95th percentile may indicate hydrocephalus.
Developmental Milestones
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Language:
- 12 months: 1-2 words spoken.
- 18-24 months: 50 words, 75% understood by strangers.
- 30-36 months: nearly all speech understood by strangers.
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Gross Motor Skills:
- 9 months: should be able to sit alone.
- 12 months: transferring objects from hand to hand.
- 18 months: walking alone.
- 2 years: should say two-word sentences.
Fine Motor Skills by Age
- 1 Year: Transfers objects; begins basic fine motor skills.
- 2 Years: Holds a crayon; colors vertical strokes; turns pages; builds a tower of six blocks.
- 3 Years: Stacks eight blocks; uses a spoon; dresses with help.
- 4 Years: Copies a circle; colors within borders; uses scissors.
- 5 Years: Copies a square; writes some letters; draws a person with identifiable body parts.
Red Flags in Preschool Development
- Failure to manage self-care tasks like hand washing and dressing.
- Limited socialization; inability to play with peers.
School Age Development
- Fine Motor Skills: Improved writing; focus on building models, crafting, and technology skills.
- Gross Motor Skills: Engagement in team sports by ages 8-10; match sport choice to physical and emotional development.
Adolescent Behavioral Concerns
- Issues like anorexia nervosa, bulimia, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders, anger problems, and considerations of suicide.
Further Resources
- Refer to "Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics" for comprehensive details on developmental milestones and associated conditions like failure to thrive.
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