HNR 2102 Week 9: Host Defenses and Immune System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the first line of defense?

  • To produce protective antibodies
  • To create memory cells
  • To activate phagocytosis
  • To provide nonspecific resistance to infection (correct)

    • What type of immunity is acquired through exposure to a foreign substance?

  • Innate immunity
  • Genetic immunity
  • Adaptive immunity (correct)
  • Nonspecific immunity

    • What is the role of the second line of defense?

  • To create memory cells
  • To produce interferons and activate phagocytosis (correct)
  • To block invasion at the portal of entry
  • To provide nonspecific resistance to infection

    • What is the characteristic of innate defenses?

    <p>Nonspecific and present at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Toll-like receptors in macrophages?

    <p>To stimulate an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the third line of defense?

    <p>Production of protective antibodies and creation of memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of physical barriers in the first line of defense?

    <p>To keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classic sign of inflammation characterized by increased fluid escaping into the tissue?

    <p>Swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the second line of defense?

    <p>Surveillance of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased blood flow during an inflammatory response?

    <p>Warmth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phagocytosis in the immune response?

    <p>Destruction of foreign entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which phagocytic cells engulf and destroy foreign substances?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves the activation of T and B cells?

    <p>Acquired Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the molecules that react with antibodies or T cells?

    <p>Antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a phagocytic cell engulfs a foreign substance, forming a phagosome?

    <p>Engulfment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies?

    <p>Humoral Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the molecules that can induce an immune response in the host?

    <p>Immunogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the body?

    <p>To react early to bacteria and other foreign materials, and to damaged tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of fever in inhibiting the multiplication of microorganisms?

    <p>It inhibits the multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of endogenous pyrogens?

    <p>Liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

    <p>To scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the increased body temperature during a fever response?

    <p>Increased metabolism and immune reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?

    <p>To be attracted to sites of parasitic infections and antigen-antibody reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stomach acid in the body's defense mechanism?

    <p>To kill pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the mucous coat in the body's defense mechanism?

    <p>To impede the attachment and entry of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysozyme in the body's defense mechanism?

    <p>To hydrolyze the cell wall of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the body's second and third lines of defense?

    <p>Immunology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sebaceous glands in the body's defense mechanism?

    <p>To produce fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the blinking reflex in the body's defense mechanism?

    <p>To flush out pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Host Defenses

    • Innate, nonspecific defenses: present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection
    • Adaptive immunities: specific, must be acquired

    First Line of Defense

    • Physical barriers: skin, mucous membranes, and epithelial cells
    • Chemical barriers: lysozyme, acidic pH, hydrochloric acid, digestive juices, and bile
    • Functions: prevent microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments

    Second Line of Defense

    • Cellular and chemical system
    • Recognizes foreign material, stimulates inflammation, and destroys foreign entities
    • Includes: phagocytosis, complement, and interferons

    Recognition of Foreign Cells

    • Protein receptors (Toll-like receptors) within macrophage cell membranes
    • Detect foreign molecules and signal the macrophage to produce chemicals to stimulate an immune response

    Inflammatory Response

    • Characterized by: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain
    • Results in the formation of pus, which prevents the spread of infection

    Phagocytosis

    • Process of engulfing and destroying foreign substances by phagocytic cells
    • Steps: chemotaxis, adhesion, engulfment, phagosome formation, killing, and destruction of bacterial cells

    Leukocytes

    • Phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy foreign substances
    • Include: neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages

    Acquired/Adaptive Immunity

    • Antigen-specific, acquired through exposure to foreign substances
    • Produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells
    • Includes: cell-mediated immunity (T cells) and humoral immunity (antibodies)

    Inflammatory Response

    • Fever: initiated by circulating pyrogens, increases body temperature, and stimulates immune reactions
    • Benefits of fever: inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms, impedes nutrition of bacteria, and stimulates immune reactions

    Phagocytosis and Phagocytes

    • Phagocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages
    • Functions: survey tissue compartments, ingest and eliminate foreign matter, and extract immunogenic information

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the host defense mechanisms, including innate and adaptive immunities, and how the immune system protects the body against pathogens. This quiz covers the first line of defense and the various barriers that block invasion.

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