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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the first line of defense?
What is the primary function of the first line of defense?
- To produce protective antibodies
- To create memory cells
- To activate phagocytosis
- To provide nonspecific resistance to infection (correct)
What type of immunity is acquired through exposure to a foreign substance?
What type of immunity is acquired through exposure to a foreign substance?
- Innate immunity
- Genetic immunity
- Adaptive immunity (correct)
- Nonspecific immunity
What is the role of the second line of defense?
What is the role of the second line of defense?
- To create memory cells
- To produce interferons and activate phagocytosis (correct)
- To block invasion at the portal of entry
- To provide nonspecific resistance to infection
What is the characteristic of innate defenses?
What is the characteristic of innate defenses?
What is the primary function of Toll-like receptors in macrophages?
What is the primary function of Toll-like receptors in macrophages?
What is the result of the third line of defense?
What is the result of the third line of defense?
What is the role of physical barriers in the first line of defense?
What is the role of physical barriers in the first line of defense?
What is the classic sign of inflammation characterized by increased fluid escaping into the tissue?
What is the classic sign of inflammation characterized by increased fluid escaping into the tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the second line of defense?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the second line of defense?
What is the result of increased blood flow during an inflammatory response?
What is the result of increased blood flow during an inflammatory response?
What is the primary function of phagocytosis in the immune response?
What is the primary function of phagocytosis in the immune response?
What is the process by which phagocytic cells engulf and destroy foreign substances?
What is the process by which phagocytic cells engulf and destroy foreign substances?
Which type of immunity involves the activation of T and B cells?
Which type of immunity involves the activation of T and B cells?
What are the molecules that react with antibodies or T cells?
What are the molecules that react with antibodies or T cells?
What is the process by which a phagocytic cell engulfs a foreign substance, forming a phagosome?
What is the process by which a phagocytic cell engulfs a foreign substance, forming a phagosome?
Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies?
Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies?
What are the molecules that can induce an immune response in the host?
What are the molecules that can induce an immune response in the host?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the body?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the body?
What is the benefit of fever in inhibiting the multiplication of microorganisms?
What is the benefit of fever in inhibiting the multiplication of microorganisms?
What is the origin of endogenous pyrogens?
What is the origin of endogenous pyrogens?
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
What is the result of the increased body temperature during a fever response?
What is the result of the increased body temperature during a fever response?
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?
What is the function of the stomach acid in the body's defense mechanism?
What is the function of the stomach acid in the body's defense mechanism?
What is the purpose of the mucous coat in the body's defense mechanism?
What is the purpose of the mucous coat in the body's defense mechanism?
What is the function of lysozyme in the body's defense mechanism?
What is the function of lysozyme in the body's defense mechanism?
What is the term for the study of the body's second and third lines of defense?
What is the term for the study of the body's second and third lines of defense?
What is the function of the sebaceous glands in the body's defense mechanism?
What is the function of the sebaceous glands in the body's defense mechanism?
What is the purpose of the blinking reflex in the body's defense mechanism?
What is the purpose of the blinking reflex in the body's defense mechanism?
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Study Notes
Host Defenses
- Innate, nonspecific defenses: present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection
- Adaptive immunities: specific, must be acquired
First Line of Defense
- Physical barriers: skin, mucous membranes, and epithelial cells
- Chemical barriers: lysozyme, acidic pH, hydrochloric acid, digestive juices, and bile
- Functions: prevent microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments
Second Line of Defense
- Cellular and chemical system
- Recognizes foreign material, stimulates inflammation, and destroys foreign entities
- Includes: phagocytosis, complement, and interferons
Recognition of Foreign Cells
- Protein receptors (Toll-like receptors) within macrophage cell membranes
- Detect foreign molecules and signal the macrophage to produce chemicals to stimulate an immune response
Inflammatory Response
- Characterized by: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain
- Results in the formation of pus, which prevents the spread of infection
Phagocytosis
- Process of engulfing and destroying foreign substances by phagocytic cells
- Steps: chemotaxis, adhesion, engulfment, phagosome formation, killing, and destruction of bacterial cells
Leukocytes
- Phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy foreign substances
- Include: neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages
Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
- Antigen-specific, acquired through exposure to foreign substances
- Produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells
- Includes: cell-mediated immunity (T cells) and humoral immunity (antibodies)
Inflammatory Response
- Fever: initiated by circulating pyrogens, increases body temperature, and stimulates immune reactions
- Benefits of fever: inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms, impedes nutrition of bacteria, and stimulates immune reactions
Phagocytosis and Phagocytes
- Phagocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages
- Functions: survey tissue compartments, ingest and eliminate foreign matter, and extract immunogenic information
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