HIV/AIDS Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does HIV stand for?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HIV is a type of retrovirus.

True

What is the function of integrase in the HIV life cycle?

  • It cleaves the viral polyprotein.
  • It integrates the viral DNA into the host cell's genome. (correct)
  • It synthesizes DNA from RNA.
  • It allows the virus to bind to the host cell.

    • Which of the following is NOT a target cell for HIV?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for HIV?

    <p>Blood-borne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of HIV drug with its main mechanism:

    <p>NRTIs = Act as false substrates and inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme. NNRTIs = Bind non-competitively to the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Protease inhibitors = Inhibit the protease enzyme, preventing the processing of viral proteins. Integrase inhibitors = Prevent the integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's genome. Fusion inhibitors = Block the virus from fusing with the host cell's membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is HAART?

    <p>Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for using Co-trimoxazole in HIV-positive patients?

    <p>To prevent opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the first case study, why was didanosine discontinued and replaced with lamivudine?

    <p>Didanosine caused peripheral neuropathy and pancreatitis, leading to an elevated amylase level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of drugs does indinavir belong to, and what are its potential side effects?

    <p>Indinavir is a protease inhibitor. Side effects include lipid and glucose metabolism disturbances, lipodystrophy, thrombocytopenia, nephrolithiasis, and hyperbilirubinemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tenofovir is a nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI) that can be effective in patients resistant to other NRTIs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the key reason why it is recommended to start TB therapy at least 2 months before starting ARV therapy in a patient with co-infection with HIV?

    <p>To simplify the treatment regimen and avoid potential delays in recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action for HIV prophylaxis after a needle stick injury?

    <p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child be reduced?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HIV is a retrovirus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main targets of HIV in the immune system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main ways HIV can be transmitted?

    <p>Unprotected sexual intercourse, vertical transmission, and injection drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lab test is used to detect the presence of HIV antibodies?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the CD4 cell count in managing HIV infection?

    <p>It helps determine the stage of HIV infection, monitor treatment effectiveness, and predict the risk of opportunistic infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main goals of HIV treatment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a protease inhibitor used in HAART regimens?

    <p>Indinavir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fusion inhibitor, and how does it work?

    <p>A fusion inhibitor blocks the fusion of HIV with the host cell membrane, preventing the virus from entering the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main side effects of didanosine?

    <p>Peripheral neuropathy and pancreatitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Co-trimoxazole is recommended for all HIV-positive individuals, regardless of their CD4 count.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to treating a patient with both pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV infection?

    <p>Start TB therapy 2 months before initiating antiretroviral treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale behind the use of co-trimoxazole in HIV-positive individuals?

    <p>To slow the decline in the CD4 count by preventing opportunistic infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV?

    <p>Start antiretroviral prophylaxis immediately or within 72 hours of exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is used to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some ways to prevent HIV infection?

    <p>Avoid unprotected sexual contact, avoid sharing needles, avoid contact with contaminated blood, and practice safe sex habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    HIV/AIDS Overview

    • HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
    • HIV is a retrovirus that only infects human beings
    • HIV is an "obligate intracellular pathogen". This means it needs to replicate inside cells to reproduce
    • AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
    • AIDS is not hereditary
    • AIDS causes a wide range of diseases and other illnesses (Ols)
    • HIV affects the body's immune system, and it does not function properly
    • HIV is not transmitted through casual contact such as sneezing and coughing

    What is HIV?

    • HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS
    • Retroviruses have an RNA genome and reverse transcriptase, integrase & protease enzymes.
    • HIV uses its RNA as a template to make cDNA (complementary DNA), which can then integrate into the DNA of the host organism

    HIV Structure

    • HIV has a viral envelope
    • The viral envelope contains glycoproteins gp120 and gp41
    • Inside the virus are RNA, protease, reverse transcriptase, and p17 and p24.

    HIV Target Cell (Tropism)

    • HIV targets immune cells
    • Different types of immune cells are targeted by HIV, including:
      • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
      • Plasma cells (produce antibodies)
      • Macrophages (engulf invading particles)
      • Mast cells (trigger inflammatory response)
      • Neutrophils and basophils (involved in inflammation)
      • Eosinophils (destroy worms)
      • Monocytes (engulfing)
      • Lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell)
      • B cells (recognize foreign particles and produce antibodies)
      • Cytotoxic T cells (attack cancerous and infected cells)
      • Helper T cells (help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells)
      • NK cells (kill cells with guidance)
    • HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells

    HIV Life Cycle

    • HIV binding to CD4 receptor
    • Fusion/entry/uncoating
    • Reverse Transcription
    • Conversion of viral RNA to DNA
    • Integration
    • Incorporation of viral DNA into host DNA
    • Transcription
    • Production of viral RNA from the incorporated viral DNA
    • Translation of viral RNA
    • Production of viral proteins from viral RNA
    • Assembly
    • Formation of new viral particles
    • Release
    • New viral particles break out of the host cell to infect other cells

    Immunologic Destruction

    • HIV infects CD4+ T cells
    • There are four stages of infection and destruction
      • Stage 1: Viral penetration of the CD4+ T-cell
      • Stage 2: Viral multiplication within the T-cell
      • Stage 3: HIV explodes the T-cell
      • Stage 4: Fusion with other CD4+ T-cells

    HIV Transmission

    • Unprotected sexual intercourse
    • Vertical transmission (from mother to child)
    • Injection drug use

    HIV Symptoms of Acute HIV Infection

    • Systemic: Fever and weight loss
    • Central: Malaise, headache, and neuropathy
    • Pharyngitis (Sore throat)
    • Mouth sores and thrush
    • Esophagus Sores
    • Muscles: Myalgia
    • Liver and spleen: Enlargement
    • Lymph nodes: Lymphadenopathy
    • Skin: Rash
    • Gastric: Nausea and vomiting

    HIV Diagnosis

    • Detection of antibodies to HIV (ELISA, IFA)
    • CD4 count
    • Viral load (HIV RNA, PCR)

    Importance of CD4 count

    • Confirms HIV diagnosis
    • Allows starting ARVs before symptomatic
    • Detects immunological failure before clinical failure
    • Monitors effectiveness of therapy

    Goals of HIV Treatment

    • Lowering the viral load
    • Restore immune status
    • Relieve symptoms and improve quality of life
    • Treat and/or prevent opportunistic infections

    HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy)

    • Two NRTIs (Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors) + 1 PI (Protease Inhibitor) or NNRTI (Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor)
    • Examples of regimens are given

    Possible Side Effects of HAART

    • Liver problems, diabetes
    • Abnormal fat distribution(lipodystrophy syndrome)
    • High cholesterol
    • Bleeding (in patients with hemophilia)
    • Bone density or skin rash
    • Pancreatitis
    • Fever, nausea, and fatigue

    Differences in Mechanism of Action between NRTIs and NNRTIs

    • NRTIs: phosphorylated inside cells, act as false substrate for reverse transcriptase, incorporated into viral DNA, DNA chain termination
    • NNRTIs: Do not require phosphorylation, bind non-competitively to RT enzyme

    Examples of NRTI and NNRTI Drugs

    • NRTIs: Zidovudine, lamivudine, stavudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, abacavir
    • NNRTIs: delavirdine, nevirapine, efavirenz

    HIV Protease Inhibitors (PIs)

    • Examples of PIs are saquinavir and indinavir
    • Side Effects of PIs include:
    • Lipodystrophy syndrome
    • Lipid and glucose metabolism disturbances,
    • Haemolytic anaemia

    Examples of Fusion Inhibitors

    • Enfuvirtide

    Integrase Inhibitors

    • Raltegravir

    CCR5 Blocker

    • Maraviroc

    Opportunistic Infections

    • PCP, Candidiasis, HSV, CMV, mycobacterial avium

    Drugs used to prevent OI

    • Co-trimoxazole, Fluconazole, Acyclovir, Gancyclovir, Clarithromycin, azithromycin.

    Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

    • Wash wound with soap and water
    • Rapid test on needle victim
    • HIV-ve: reassurance for victim
    • HIV +ve: Referral to HIV clinic
    • HIV-ve or unknown: Start ARVs immediately or within 72 hours
    • Follow-up testing after 3 months

    Mother-to-Child Transmission Prevention

    • Nevirapine to mother at onset of labor and to baby within 3 days after birth
    • AZT (zidovudine) from week 28 of pregnancy

    HIV prevention practices

    • Avoid sexual contact with people who have HIV
    • Avoid contact with contaminated blood
    • Do not share toothbrushes, razors, etc
    • Do not share needles
    • Clean needles before use

    Other Key Information

    • This information is for educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment
    • Case studies are provided on different health topics related to HIV infections

    Case Studies (Examples)

    • Case 1: A patient with AIDS and gastrointestinal issues who had their didanosine therapy discontinued due to peripheral neuropathy and pancreatitis.
    • Case 2: A patient with TB and HIV who should start TB therapy 2 months before starting ARV's.

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    HIV/AIDS Past Paper PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on HIV and AIDS, including their structure, transmission, and impact on the immune system. This quiz covers the basics of what HIV is, how it operates as a retrovirus, and the differences between HIV and AIDS. Ideal for anyone looking to understand these critical health topics better.

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