HIV/AIDs Adult Health test 2
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What is the primary target of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

  • CD4 cells (helper T cells) (correct)
  • Platelets
  • B cells
  • Red blood cells

    • Which of the following best describes the nature of HIV as a virus?

  • An obligate virus that requires a host cell to reproduce. (correct)
  • An autonomous virus that can reproduce independently.
  • A facultative virus that can reproduce in multiple cell types.
  • A virus that only survives in an extracellular environment.

    • During which stage of HIV infection is the risk of transmission generally the highest?

  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
  • Chronic HIV infection
  • Acute HIV infection (correct)
  • Latent stage

    • What is a primary characteristic of the chronic stage of HIV infection?

    <p>A low viral load in the blood and slow decline in CD4 cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of AIDS?

    <p>Significant weight gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios presents the highest risk for HIV transmission?

    <p>Receptive anal intercourse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of prenatal HIV transmission?

    <p>Transmission during pregnancy or delivery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do ulcerating genital diseases, like STIs, increase the risk of HIV infection?

    <p>They create openings for HIV to enter the system more easily. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To reduce the risk of pneumonia in a patient, which action should a nurse prioritize?

    <p>Encouraging deep breathing and coughing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended cleaning solution for disinfecting surfaces to prevent the spread of microbes?

    <p>A 1:10 bleach solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a crucial measure for reducing immunosuppression?

    <p>Minimizing drug and alcohol use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a 'no risk' option for preventing HIV transmission through sexual activity?

    <p>Abstinence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy should be used to reduce the risk of HIV transmission when using intravenous drugs?

    <p>Using sterile equipment every time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lubricant is recommended for condom use to reduce the risk of condom damage?

    <p>Water-based lubricant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are HIV-positive individuals prohibited from donating blood, organs, and semen?

    <p>To prevent the spread of HIV through these donations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an accurate description of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV exposure?

    <p>A combination of three or more ART medications for four weeks initiated within 72 hours of exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is reporting concerning symptoms 12 days after potential exposure to HIV. Which of the following would be the most appropriate recommendation?

    <p>Initiate Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) as soon as possible and inform them of PEP testing timeline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following unwanted sexual contact, when should ART be initiated as part of post-exposure care?

    <p>Within 72 hours of the incident (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following body fluids is NOT considered a potential transmitter of HIV?

    <p>Saliva (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a nucleic acid test (NAT) in HIV diagnosis?

    <p>To detect the presence of HIV itself and measure viral load (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how long after HIV exposure does seroconversion typically occur?

    <p>Between 5 days to 3 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary approach is most beneficial for HIV patients experiencing nausea?

    <p>Providing dry, salty foods and cold or room-temperature meals with liquids in between. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these symptoms is commonly associated with a reduced CD4 count in individuals with HIV?

    <p>Night sweats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for avoiding dairy products in many HIV patients?

    <p>Lactose intolerance is common. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical nursing intervention when caring for a patient with Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia (PCP)?

    <p>Conserving energy and reducing oxygen demand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice will MOST effectively reduce the risk of HIV transmission during sexual activity?

    <p>Consistent use of condoms with a single partner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Tuberculosis (TB) in HIV patients?

    <p>Significant weight gain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Swollen lymph nodes can be a sign of HIV infection. What is the minimum time duration for which two or more swollen lymph nodes must be present to consider it a key indicator of HIV?

    <p>3 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by nerve damage due to HIV or antiretroviral medications and may cause symptoms like numbness or tingling?

    <p>Peripheral neuropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of HIV wasting?

    <p>Loss of lean body mass, often with diarrhea, weakness, and fever. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary recommendation is specifically crucial for an HIV patient with dysphagia?

    <p>Easy-to-swallow foods like gelatin, yogurt, and puddings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with HIV has white patches on the tongue and oral mucosa that are easily wiped off. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?

    <p>Candidiasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to weigh HIV/AIDS patients daily?

    <p>To detect weight stability and changes indicative of HIV wasting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is typically used to treat Hairy Leukoplakia?

    <p>Acyclovir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of using antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment?

    <p>It can slow the progression of HIV and decrease viral resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known complication of untreated syphilis in people with HIV?

    <p>Neurosyphilis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'pancytopenia' describe in the context of HIV?

    <p>Decrease in all blood cell types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is least effective for managing psychosocial issues in HIV/AIDS patients?

    <p>Avoiding discussions about death and grief to prevent distress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High levels of what protein may indicate muscle injury and require medication adjustments for those with HIV?

    <p>CPK (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pre-test counseling for HIV testing?

    <p>Exploring patient risk factors, and identifying counseling needs based on the situation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is recommended for managing diarrhea in individuals with HIV?

    <p>Lactose-free, low-fat diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is essential to maintain if a healthcare provider is caring for an HIV/AIDS patient?

    <p>Using standard precautions and maintaining confidentiality of HIV status. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is not recommended while providing skin care for HIV/AIDS patients?

    <p>Offering full tub baths if rashes are present. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of foods or dietary restrictions should be avoided for people with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Dairy products and red meats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be increased for clients with HIV/AIDS experiencing constipation?

    <p>Fiber intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing consideration while caring for an HIV patient with diagnosed Tuberculosis (TB)?

    <p>Using an N95 mask due to the airborne transmission of TB. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side-effects is associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

    <p>Decreased liver function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is most appropriate to promote muscle mass in an HIV wasting patient?

    <p>Giving appetite stimulants and androgenic hormones like testosterone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    HIV Basics

    • HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus, a virus that destroys the immune system.
    • HIV primarily destroys CD4 cells, also known as helper T cells, which are crucial for coordinating the immune response.
    • HIV is an obligate virus, meaning it cannot reproduce on its own and requires a host cell's DNA.
    • HIV can only survive inside a host body.

    Stages of HIV Infection

    • Stage 1: Acute HIV Infection
      • Occurs within 2 to 4 weeks of infection.
      • Characterized by flu-like symptoms, including rash, night sweats, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy).
      • Viral load peaks quickly after infection, then decreases as the immune system fights it off.
      • Increased risk of transmission due to high viral load.
    • Stage 2: Chronic HIV Infection
      • Viral load is low in the blood.
      • Can still be transmitted, but at a lower risk than Stage 1.
      • Can last for 10 years or more, potentially longer with medication.
      • Helper T cells are slowly destroyed, and viral load increases gradually without medication.
      • Loss of immunity begins, leading to eventual symptoms.
    • Stage 3: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
      • Significant HIV damage allows opportunistic diseases to develop.
      • CD4 count drops to 200 or lower.
      • Symptoms include fever, chills, sweating, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, and weakness.
      • Average time from AIDS development to death is 3 years without treatment.

    Transmission

    • HIV can be transmitted through:
      • Sexual contact: anal, vaginal, and oral intercourse.
      • Direct exposure to infected blood or blood products: needle sticks, IV drug use, blood transfusions.
      • Prenatal transmission: from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy or delivery.
      • Postnatal transmission: through breastfeeding from an infected mother.

    Risk Factors for Transmission

    • Higher viral load in the infected individual: increases the risk of transmission.
    • Receptive anal intercourse: highest risk for transmission due to higher likelihood of tissue tears.
    • Ulcerating genital diseases (STIs): increase the risk of infection.
    • Vigorous or forceful sex: increases the risk of infection.
    • Illicit drug use: suppresses the immune system, increasing risk.
    • Sharing needles: common in IV drug use, high risk of transmission.

    Body Fluids That Can Carry HIV

    • Blood
    • Semen
    • Vaginal secretions
    • Breast milk
    • Rectal secretions

    HIV Testing and Diagnosis

    • Nucleic acid test: detects HIV presence and viral load, used for early detection, expensive.
    • Antigen-antibody test: detects HIV antibodies and antigens, done through a venipuncture.
    • Finger stick test: rapid test, available for quick screening.
    • Oral or blood antibody test: home test option, available for self-testing.
    • CD4 count and percentage: determines the stage of HIV infection, risks for complications, and need for prophylaxis.

    Zero Conversion

    • The point at which HIV becomes detectable in the blood after exposure.
    • Can occur between 5 days and 3 months after exposure, typically around 2 to 4 weeks.
    • Often marked by flu-like symptoms.

    Signs and Symptoms of HIV Infection

    • Fever
    • Night sweats
    • Sore throat
    • Headaches
    • Fatigue
    • Muscle aches
    • Nausea
    • Diarrhea
    • Rash
    • Unexplained weight loss
    • Chronic diarrhea
    • Persistent unexplained fevers
    • Numbness or tingling in extremities (paresthesia).
    • Symptoms often appear when CD4 count is below 500.
    • May appear healthy but still be able to transmit the virus during the asymptomatic period.

    Prevention and Treatment

    • Safe sex practices: use condoms consistently, abstain from sexual activity, be monogamous.
    • Needle exchange programs: reduce risk of transmission through shared needles.
    • Antiretroviral therapy (ART): slows HIV progression, prevents AIDS development, reduces risk of transmission.

    HIV Symptoms

    • Individuals with HIV may present with abdominal pain, cough (dry or productive), disorientation, shortness of breath, and swollen lymph nodes.
    • Two or more swollen lymph nodes for at least three months is a key indicator of HIV infection.
    • Muscle or joint pain is another common symptom.
    • Oral lesions, including candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia, are possible.

    Nursing Assessment

    • The nursing assessment for a patient with HIV includes subjective and objective data.
    • A risk assessment is crucial to determine the patient's risk for HIV infection.
    • Key questions during the risk assessment include:
      • History of blood transfusions
      • History of receiving blood products before 1985
      • History of sharing injection equipment
      • Sexual activity history (partner types, frequency, and protective measures)
    • A drug use assessment is also important, including questions regarding drug use history and frequency.
    • The sexual risk assessment should be conducted in a non-judgmental manner, considering topics such as sexual partners (men, women, or both), types of sexual activity (oral, vaginal, anal), and knowledge of partners' sexual activities.
    • A clinical risk assessment should be performed to identify signs and symptoms associated with HIV infection.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of HIV, including its characteristics and the stages of HIV infection. Understand the impact of HIV on the immune system, the progression of the virus, and the importance of awareness regarding its transmission. Test your knowledge about the symptoms and management of HIV.

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