HIV/AIDS medium
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines immunodeficiency?

  • An overactive immune response
  • Partial or full impairment of the immune system (correct)
  • A defense mechanism against cancer cells
  • Complete immunity to all infections

What is the primary cause of secondary immunodeficiency?

  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Congenital defects
  • Genetic mutations
  • Infections like HIV (correct)

What does AIDS stand for?

  • Acute immunodeficiency disease
  • Autoimmune deficiency syndrome
  • Acquired immune disorder syndrome
  • Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (correct)

What occurs during Stage 1 of HIV infection?

<p>A short illness known as seroconversion illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about AIDS?

<p>AIDS can be directly transmitted between individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggests the origin of HIV infection in humans?

<p>Consumption of chimpanzees infected with SIV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with immunodeficiency?

<p>AIDS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the genetic form of immunodeficiency?

<p>Primary immunodeficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by white patches on the tongue and is often a sign of a weakened immune system?

<p>Oral hairy leukoplakia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a lifestyle change that can reduce modifiable cancer risks for individuals living with HIV/AIDS?

<p>Increasing physical activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study mentioned, what percentage of HIV positive individuals were found to be co-infected with hepatitis B?

<p>5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of HIV transmission in the UK?

<p>Anal or vaginal sex without a condom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with a respiratory condition in individuals living with HIV/AIDS?

<p>Chronic cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the guideline regarding alcohol consumption for individuals at risk of cancer, particularly those living with HIV?

<p>Consuming no more than 14 units per week (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication for HIV positive individuals regarding cancer risk linked to smoking?

<p>Two-and-a-half times higher smoking rate than the general population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with the development of oral hairy leukoplakia?

<p>Epstein-Barr virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible effect of having chronic hepatitis C as noted in the study findings?

<p>Higher prevalence compared to the general population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a viral load test measure?

<p>The number of copies of HIV in a blood sample (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does U=U stand for in the context of HIV?

<p>Undetectable equals untransmittable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended time frame for taking Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) after potential HIV exposure?

<p>Within 72 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)?

<p>It is taken regularly to prevent the acquisition of HIV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the UK, what percentage of people living with HIV are estimated to be diagnosed?

<p>94% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Truvada in the context of HIV?

<p>To prevent the acquisition of HIV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'viral load'?

<p>The concentration of HIV particles in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the asymptomatic stage of HIV characterized by?

<p>Active viral replication without noticeable symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily defines the transition from asymptomatic to symptomatic HIV?

<p>Development of opportunistic infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections can occur during the late-stage HIV or AIDS?

<p>Opportunistic infections and certain cancers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the seroconversion period in HIV infection?

<p>Individuals are most infectious (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an AIDS-defining illness?

<p>Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are associated with symptomatic HIV?

<p>Persistent cough, weight loss, and fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a weakened immune system during late-stage HIV affect the body?

<p>It makes the body more vulnerable to serious infections and cancers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome during the symptomatic stage of HIV without treatment?

<p>Development of more severe infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes opportunistic infections in late-stage HIV?

<p>Infections that occur when the immune system is greatly compromised (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the typical duration of the asymptomatic stage of HIV?

<p>Several years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest risk behavior for HIV transmission?

<p>Anal sex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bodily fluids cannot transmit HIV?

<p>Sweat (A), Saliva (B), Urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of antiretroviral treatment (ART)?

<p>To allow the immune system to repair itself (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step if you suspect exposure to HIV?

<p>Seek medical advice as soon as possible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done within 72 hours of potential HIV exposure?

<p>Access post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases the risk of contracting HIV?

<p>Having another sexually transmitted infection (STI) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a person confirm if they are infected with HIV?

<p>Through an HIV test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After a negative HIV test, when should it be repeated?

<p>At 6, 12, and 24 weeks after the incident (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of HIV treatment?

<p>To achieve an undetectable viral load (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about HIV transmission?

<p>It can be transmitted through saliva (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus; a virus that weakens the immune system.

AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; a condition caused by severe damage to the immune system by HIV.

Immunodeficiency

Partial or full impairment of the immune system.

Primary Immunodeficiency

An immunodeficiency caused by genetics.

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Secondary Immunodeficiency

An immunodeficiency caused by environmental factors, like HIV or malnutrition.

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Seroconversion illness (stage 1 HIV)

Short illness soon after HIV contraction, usually within 6 weeks of infection. Also known as primary or acute HIV infection.

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HIV transmission

Likely passed to humans through contact with chimpanzee infected blood during hunting.

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Immunodeficiency symptoms

Increased susceptibility to various infections, cancers, and other diseases a healthy immune system can handle.

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Seroconversion

The period after HIV infection when antibodies against the virus develop, marking the start of HIV infection. This is also the time when a person is most infectious.

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Asymptomatic HIV (Stage 2)

The stage of HIV where most people don't experience any symptoms, even though the virus is actively replicating and weakening the immune system.

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Symptomatic HIV (Stage 3)

The stage of HIV where the weakened immune system can't fight off common infections, leading to symptoms like fever, swollen lymph nodes, and weight loss.

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Late-stage HIV (Stage 4)

The final stage of HIV characterized by severe immune system damage, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers.

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Opportunistic Infections

Infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system, often seen in people with late-stage HIV.

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AIDS-Defining Illnesses

Serious infections and cancers that indicate late-stage HIV, also known as AIDS.

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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, often occurring in people with AIDS.

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Candidiasis of the Oesophagus

A fungal infection of the esophagus, a common AIDS-defining illness.

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Cryptococcosis

A fungal infection that can affect the lungs, brain, and other organs, a common AIDS-defining illness.

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Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

An infection that can cause inflammation of the retina, leading to vision loss, a common AIDS-defining illness.

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HIV Transmission Risk - Anal

Anal sex carries the highest risk of HIV transmission, especially for the passive partner.

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HIV Transmission - Oral

The risk of getting HIV through oral sex is very low.

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HIV Transmission - Other Routes

HIV cannot be transmitted through kissing, hugging, shaking hands, sharing objects, food, water, sweat, urine or saliva.

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HIV Transmission - Virally Suppressed

People with HIV taking antiretroviral treatment are virally suppressed and do not transmit HIV to their sexual partners.

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Higher HIV Risk Factors - STIs

Having another sexually transmitted infection (STI) increases the risk of contracting HIV.

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Higher HIV Risk Factors - Needles

Sharing contaminated needles, syringes, or receiving unsafe injections, blood transfusions, or tissue transplants increases HIV risk.

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HIV Diagnosis - Urgent Action

If you think you might have been exposed to HIV, seek medical advice as soon as possible.

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HIV Diagnosis - Needle Stick

If you experience a needle stick, contact occupational health immediately (A&E if out of hours).

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HIV Diagnosis - Patient's Viral Load

If the patient is known to have HIV, ask if they would be happy to attend occupational health for blood tests and inquire about their viral load.

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HIV Diagnosis - The Only Way

The only way to find out if you have HIV is to have an HIV test.

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Hairy Leukoplakia

A condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, often seen in people with weakened immune systems, particularly those with HIV. It manifests as white patches on the tongue, causing mild discomfort and taste changes.

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Modifiable Cancer Risk

Factors that can be changed through lifestyle choices to decrease the likelihood of developing cancer. These include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and infections like HPV, hepatitis B, and C.

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HIV and Smoking

Studies show significantly higher smoking rates among individuals with HIV, approximately two-and-a-half times higher than the general population.

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HIV and Hepatitis B

Co-infection with Hepatitis B is significantly higher in individuals with HIV. It affects around 5% of HIV positive people compared to 0.3% of the general population.

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HIV and Hepatitis C

Individuals with HIV have a significantly higher prevalence of chronic Hepatitis C, around 26% compared to 0.9% of the general population.

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HIV and HPV

A higher percentage of women with HIV have HPV infections compared to the general population. This is even more prominent in men who have sex with men.

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Alcohol and Cancer Risk

Excessive alcohol consumption (over 14 units per week) is associated with increased risks of cancer.

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HIV and Alcohol

HIV positive individuals are more likely to experience a higher death rate if they consume more than 13 units of alcohol per week.

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HIV Transmission in UK

The most common way HIV spreads in the UK is through anal or vaginal sex without a condom.

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HIV and Body Fluids

HIV is found in the body fluids of infected individuals, including semen, vaginal and anal fluids, blood, and breast milk.

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Viral Load

The amount of HIV in a person's blood, measured by the number of HIV particles per milliliter of blood.

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Undetectable Viral Load

When the amount of HIV in the blood is so low that it can't be detected by standard tests.

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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

Medication taken by HIV-negative people to prevent the acquisition of HIV.

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Truvada

A common medication used for both PrEP and PEP, containing antiretroviral drugs to prevent or treat HIV.

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Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

Medication taken after potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.

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HIV Diagnosis Rate in UK

In 2019, an estimated 94% of people living with HIV in the UK were diagnosed.

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End the Stigma

The effort to reduce negative attitudes, discrimination, and social exclusion towards people living with HIV.

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Study Notes

HIV/AIDS and Immunodeficiency

  • HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system
  • AIDS is a syndrome, not a virus. It is caused when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV
  • Immunodeficiency happens when the body's immune system becomes weakened and less capable of fighting off infections, cancers, or other diseases like healthy individuals' immune systems do
  • Primary immunodeficiency is genetic. Secondary immunodeficiency can be caused by environmental factors such as HIV, AIDS, or malnutrition.
  • Immunodeficiency is a large range of infections, cancers, and other diseases that individuals with a healthy immune system can fight off
  • There are different stages of HIV infection:
    • Stage 1: Seroconversion Illness (up to 6 weeks). Symptoms similar to influenza (fever, rash, sore throat)
    • Stage 2: Asymptomatic Stage. Patient feels fine. The virus is active and damaging the immune system
    • Stage 3: Symptomatic HIV. The longer the patient lives with HIV without treatment, the greater the risk of developing infections their immune system can't fight
    • Stage 4: Late-Stage HIV. Severe opportunistic infections and cancers occur due to significant immune system damage
  • Kaposi's sarcoma (KS): A cancer caused by a herpes virus (HHV-8). The virus initially affects endothelial cells within blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. This leads to tumors, and it may appear as skin lesions or in the mouth.
  • Candidiasis (Thrush): A fungal infection caused by Candida yeast. It can affect the mouth, esophagus, bronchi, trachea, and lungs. Commonly presented via white plaques on the tongue or throat.
  • Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection often affecting the lungs. HIV increases the risk of TB infection.
  • Cryptococcal meningitis: A fungus-related brain infection. It is more common and severe in people living with HIV.
  • Hairy leukoplakia: White patches on the tongue caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. It is more frequent in people with weakened immune systems like HIV patients.

Transmission of HIV

  • HIV is present in bodily fluids such as semen, vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk
  • The most common way people in the UK get HIV is via unprotected anal or vaginal sex
  • The risk of HIV transmission through oral sex is very low
  • HIV is not transmitted via sweat, urine, or saliva.

Risk Factors for HIV

  • Having another sexually transmitted infection (STI): STIs can increase the risk of HIV transmission
  • Sharing contaminated needles or syringes: Sharing needles or syringes with an infected person can transmit HIV and other bloodborne infections.
  • Receiving unsafe injections, blood transfusions, and tissue transplantation: Unsafe procedures can also put individuals at risk.
  • Needle stick injuries: While not as common, needle stick injuries with contaminated needles can transmit several blood-borne infections

Diagnosing HIV

  • It is important to seek medical advice immediately if concerned about possible HIV exposure
  • If a needle stick occurs, occupational health must be contacted immediately, or A&E if out of hours.
  • HIV tests are necessary for diagnosis, and should be repeated at specific intervals if negative
  • Results are given as the number of copies of HIV per milliliter of blood.

Treatment for HIV

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat HIV
  • The goal of ART is to reduce (or suppress) the viral load to an undetectable level, decreasing the risk of transmission and improving health outcomes. The medication's efficacy is typically measured by the viral load.

Viral Load

  • Viral load is the amount of HIV in the blood
  • A viral load test measures the number of HIV particles in a blood sample
  • The results from the testing are expressed as the number of copies of HIV per milliliter of blood
  • An undetectable viral load means the virus is present in low enough concentrations in the body that it cannot be detected by traditional test methods. This essentially means that a person cannot transmit the virus to others.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

  • PrEP is a strategy for preventing HIV infection in people at a higher risk of contracting the disease

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

  • PEP treatment must be initiated within 72 hours of exposure for maximum effectiveness. This consists of a 28-day regimen of ARV drugs
  • It is recommended to take PEP in cases of potential HIV exposure via occupational hazards, or non-occupational exposures

HIV Statistics

  • In 2019, the estimated number of people living with HIV in the UK was 105,200
  • 94% are diagnosed. 6% do not know that they have the virus.
  • 98% of diagnosed HIV patients in the UK are on treatment, with 97% of those who are treated having a non-detectable viral load making them unlikely to transmit the virus.

Learning Outcomes

  • There were various general learning outcomes (1.1.2, 1.1.3, and so on.) Note those as relevant to your studies. Specific learning objectives were available but not listed.

Additional Information

  • Patient/client care and communication guidelines are essential to remember in providing aid to individuals experiencing any health concern, particularly with respect to HIV or AIDS. Respect the patient's wishes.
  • Avoid stigmatizing language, attitudes, or practices when dealing with HIV or AIDS patients.
  • There are multiple forms of HIV care and treatment (PEP, PrEP, etc)

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HIV & AIDS GN PDF

Description

This quiz explores the critical aspects of HIV and AIDS, including their definitions, stages of infection, and immunodeficiency types. Understand how HIV affects the immune system and the differences between primary and secondary immunodeficiency. Test your knowledge on this important health topic.

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