HIV and AIDS

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is oral hairy leukoplakia commonly associated with?

Hepatitis C

HPV infection

Epstein-Barr virus (correct)

Chronic cough

What best describes immunodeficiency?

A state leading to higher susceptibility to infections and diseases. (correct)

A condition resulting in increased resistance to infections.

A medical condition marked by symptoms of flu.

A deficiency in vitamins affecting the immune system.

Which of the following is considered a modifiable cancer risk?

Smoking (correct)

Obesity

Age

Genetics

Which virus is believed to have mutated into HIV when transmitted to humans?

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of HIV positive individuals who were smokers in the Park et al. study?

54% Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the asymptomatic stage of HIV?

Absence of any symptoms but high infection levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of seroconversion in an HIV infection?

It is the period when HIV is at its most infectious. Signup and view all the answers

What standard guideline is used to assess the risk of cancer related to alcohol consumption?

More than 14 units each week Signup and view all the answers

Which body fluids can contain HIV and facilitate transmission?

Semen and breast milk Signup and view all the answers

How did the HIV virus likely transfer from chimpanzees to humans?

By consuming chimpanzee meat and contact with infected blood. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the range of illnesses resulting from severely damaged immune systems due to HIV?

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method of HIV transmission in the UK?

Vaginal or anal sex without a condom Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women living with HIV had HPV infection that could lead to cancer, according to the Park et al. study?

46% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about HIV stages is true?

The first stage has symptoms similar to common cold. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by white patches on the tongue and may indicate a weakened immune system?

Hairy leukoplakia Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT classified as a form of immunodeficiency?

Chronic fatigue syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest risk behavior for HIV transmission?

Anal sex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT transmit HIV?

Blood Signup and view all the answers

What increases the risk of contracting HIV?

Having another sexually transmitted infection (STI) Signup and view all the answers

How soon should emergency anti-HIV medicine be accessed after potential exposure?

72 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an HIV viral load test?

To determine the number of copies of HIV in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ART is true?

It is a combination of different medicines taken daily Signup and view all the answers

If an HIV test comes back positive, what is the next step?

Be referred to a specialist HIV clinic Signup and view all the answers

What does U=U stand for in the context of HIV treatment?

Undetectable equals untransmittable Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)?

To block the acquisition of HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame within which Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) must be initiated?

72 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the HIV population in the UK is true?

Around 1 in 16 people living with HIV do not know they have the virus. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of diagnosed individuals with HIV in the UK are on treatment?

98% Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of being virally suppressed for people living with HIV?

They cannot pass the virus on to others. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes symptomatic HIV?

The presence of opportunistic infections due to a weakened immune system. Signup and view all the answers

What are considered AIDS-defining illnesses?

Serious opportunistic infections and cancers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an AIDS-defining illness?

Common cold Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most commonly associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Painless swelling in a lymph node. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the lymphatic system play in the body?

It aids in protecting the body from infection and disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB)?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic intestinal cryptosporidiosis present in HIV patients?

It is associated with a duration longer than one month. Signup and view all the answers

What could be a direct effect of untreated HIV on the immune system?

Increased susceptibility to infections and certain cancers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should not be done when treating a patient living with HIV?

Refuse to see the patient Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice for patients living with HIV to help boost their health?

Participate in regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which attitude is encouraged towards patients living with HIV?

A positive welcoming attitude Signup and view all the answers

How should healthcare professionals treat patients living with HIV?

As they would a non HIV positive patient Signup and view all the answers

What practice should be avoided to maintain infection control when handling items in a clinical setting?

Expose used items recklessly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the treatment of HIV patients?

They should be treated with specialized care only Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be encouraged as part of maintaining health for patients living with HIV?

Taking regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is one emotional approach that healthcare providers should not exhibit towards patients living with HIV?

Ridicule or derogation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

HIV, AIDS, and Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency: A weakened immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections, cancers, and other diseases.
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus that causes AIDS.
AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. A condition where the immune system is severely damaged by HIV.
HIV infection stages: There are 4 stages: seroconversion illness, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic HIV, and late-stage HIV.
HIV infections, cancers, and other diseases that the immune system can't fight.
People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) have higher rates of "modifiable" cancer risk.
Modifiable cancer risks: Smoking, drinking alcohol, HPV infection, hepatitis B and C.

Common AIDS-Defining Illnesses

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Cancer of the lymphatic system; a painless swelling in a lymph node (neck, armpit or groin).
Tuberculosis (TB): Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. HIV increases the risk of TB infection, and it's called HIV/TB coinfection.
Cryptococcal meningitis: Caused by cryptococcus neoformans. A serious (but not contagious) brain infection.
Cachexia: Wasting syndrome or anorexia cachexia; not limited to HIV; a complex process with sudden loss of mass (weight).
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS): Caused by Herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8). Can cause cancer in people with a weakened immune system, and there is a risk of spread through sex.

Transmission and Prevention

HIV transmission: Found in body fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, blood, breast milk). The most common ways are anal or vaginal sex without a condom.
Risk factors: Having other sexually transmitted infections (STIs); sharing contaminated needles; receiving unsafe injections, blood transfusions and tissue transplantations; medical procedures involving unsterile cutting or piercing; needle stick injuries.
Prevention: Using condoms during sex; avoiding sharing needles; proper handling during medical procedures; regular checks.

Treatment of HIV

Antiretroviral medicines (ART): Work by stopping the virus from replicating in the body. Combination of different medicines, taken every day.
Viral load: The amount of HIV in the blood measured in copies per milliliter. The goal is to have an undetectable viral load.
Undetectable = untransmittable (U=U): If a person takes HIV treatment and achieves an undetectable viral load, they cannot transmit the virus through sex.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): Prevents HIV acquisition. Taken regularly (one tablet per day) or event-based dosing.
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): Needs to be taken within 72 hours to prevent HIV infection.

Statistics

77% of people in the UK have never had an HIV test.
Approximately 105,200 people are living with HIV in the UK.
94% of these people are diagnosed, resulting in 6% not knowing.
98% of diagnosed people are on treatment, and 97% of those on treatment are virally suppressed.

Additional Information

Guidelines for low-risk drinking (14 units of alcohol per week).
Importance of oral hygiene for people living with HIV.
Prevention and treatment methods
Importance of proper medical care and advice

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.