HIV Treatment Overview and History

<p>Viral load via NAT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rock Hudson (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Raltegravir (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treat the opportunistic infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3A4 substrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dolutegravir (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea/diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biktarvy® (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium and vitamin D (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1997 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD4 count less than 200 cell/mm3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rash (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dolutegravir plus Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV antibody / HIV p24 antigen test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>28 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The need for regular physical exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within 4 to 8 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV negative, high risk for exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of antacids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To verify the accuracy of initial screening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-risk groups only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 3 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A regimen with two NRTIs and one NNRTI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It defines the progression to AIDS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dovato® (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypersensitivity reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tivicay® and Truvada® (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rash (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bictegravir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteomalacia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbenuva® (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HBV exacerbation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of CD4+ cells in the blood is a measure of the strength of the immune system. A higher count indicates a healthier immune system.

An undetectable viral load means that the amount of HIV in the blood is so low that it cannot be detected by standard tests. This is a crucial goal of HIV therapy.

Initial HIV therapy is recommended for all individuals diagnosed with HIV. While not a cure, it helps manage the infection and prevent its progression.

HIV resistance testing is performed to determine if the virus has developed resistance to antiretroviral medications. This helps guide the selection of appropriate treatments.

A regimen is a specific combination of antiretroviral medications used to treat HIV infection. The choice of regimen depends on various factors and may be adjusted over time.

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, a virus that weakens the immune system, making the body vulnerable to infections and diseases. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a more advanced stage of HIV infection characterized by a severely weakened immune system, leading to opportunistic infections.

A CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3 indicates a severely weakened immune system, increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections. This often signifies progression from HIV to AIDS.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that commonly occur in individuals with a compromised immune system, often due to conditions like HIV/AIDS. They can be more serious and difficult to fight off in individuals with weakened immunity.

The first HIV cases were identified in 1981. It was initially recognized among gay men in the US and soon spread worldwide. The virus was later traced back to the early 1900s in Africa but went unnoticed until the late 20th century.

The CDC recommends annual HIV testing for individuals between 13 and 64 years old in all healthcare settings. Additionally, high-risk groups should be tested annually, including individuals with a history of high-risk sexual behavior, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

HIV testing methods detect either the HIV virus itself or antibodies produced by the body against the virus. Common methods include virus isolation, detection of HIV antibodies, or analysis of viral nucleic acids or antigens.

Initial HIV screening typically uses tests that combine HIV antibody and p24 antigen detection. These tests can detect HIV infection early, as early as 4 to 8 weeks after exposure, but may take up to 3 to 6 months for positive results to appear. Confirmation testing is necessary to verify the results.

Anti-HIV drugs are categorized as antiretrovirals that target different stages of the HIV life cycle. They work by blocking the virus from replicating and spreading within the body. The effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs varies depending on the individual, with some drugs being more effective than others. These drugs can significantly improve the quality of life for people living with HIV and slow down the progression of the disease.

A class of antiretroviral drugs that block the activity of the enzyme integrase, preventing the HIV virus from integrating its genetic material into the host cell's DNA.

A class of antiretroviral drugs that block the activity of the enzyme reverse transcriptase, preventing the HIV virus from converting its RNA into DNA.

A common combination of antiretroviral drugs often used as initial treatment for HIV. It includes a integrase strand inhibitor and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

A common combination of antiretroviral drugs often used as initial treatment for HIV. It includes a integrase strand inhibitor and a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.

A possible side effect of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) that can be serious in some cases. It is characterized by a buildup of lactic acid in the blood, leading to an acidic environment. It can affect the liver and other organs.

A possible side effect of some nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). It may be related to the accumulation of fat in the liver.

A possible side effect of integrase strand inhibitors that can affect metabolic processes. It is characterized by an increase in body weight.

One of the possible side effects of integrase strand inhibitors that can be a concern, particularly in the context of mental health.

Bictegravir and Dolutegravir can increase serum creatinine levels, but they do not affect the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).

Dolutegravir can cause hepatotoxicity in patients with hepatitis, meaning it can damage the liver.

Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) is a condition occurring when the immune system recovers from HIV and reacts aggressively to infections that were dormant. It can manifest as a flare-up of opportunistic infections or inflammatory reactions.

Integrase strand inhibitors are often substrates for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and UGT1A1. Elvitegravir/Cobicistat are also substrates for CYP3A4, inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, inducers of CYP2C9, and inhibitors of CYP2C9.

Tenofovir is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a transporter protein that can affect drug absorption and elimination.

Protease inhibitors have numerous drug-drug interactions. They are substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of various CYPs, including P-gp, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6.

Abacavir can cause a rash, which may be a sign of a serious hypersensitivity reaction. If a rash occurs, it is important to stop taking the medication and contact a healthcare provider.

Emtricitabine may cause darkening of the palms and soles of the feet. It is important to inform patients about this potential side effect.

HAART stands for highly active antiretroviral therapy. This combination therapy became the standard of care for HIV treatment in 1996.

Integrase inhibitors work by preventing the HIV virus from integrating its genetic material into the host cell's DNA, thus stopping viral replication.

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) block the HIV virus from copying itself by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme.

Protease inhibitors block the HIV virus from maturing into a fully infectious form by inhibiting the protease enzyme.

Descovy® is an HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication that contains emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide. It helps reduce the risk of acquiring HIV infection.

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a medication taken after a potential HIV exposure, such as a needlestick injury, to reduce the risk of contracting the virus.

PrEP is a medication taken by individuals at high risk of HIV exposure to prevent the virus from establishing infection.

Truvada® is an HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication that contains emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. It helps reduce the risk of acquiring HIV infection.