42 Questions
What is the primary route of HIV transmission?
Through sexual intercourse
Where is the major site of HIV replication?
Lymph nodes in the gut
What is the average duration of the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection?
2-15 years
What is the threshold of T4 cell levels below which AIDS symptoms appear?
200/mm3 (μl)
How does HIV enter the body?
Through mucous membrane or skin
Why are IV drug abusers a significant factor in the spread of HIV to the heterosexual population?
They are more likely to share needles contaminated with HIV
What is the optimal temperature for rhinovirus replication?
33°C
How do infected cells respond to rhinovirus infection?
They release both bradykinin and histamine
What is a characteristic of rhinovirus infection in terms of symptoms and viral shedding?
Symptoms correlate with the time of viral shedding
Why is a vaccine for rhinovirus not available?
Due to the multiple serotypes and antigenic drift
What is the primary mode of transmission for caliciviruses like norovirus?
Fecal-oral transmission
What is a characteristic of norovirus infection in terms of incubation period and shedding?
Shedding begins before symptoms and lasts up to 100 hours
What is required for most infectious diseases to eventually die out?
Mortality >60% and Immunity >80%
What is the structure of Picornavirus?
Single-stranded RNA with 5’ VPg cap and 3’ polyA tail
What is the role of the 5’ RNA structure in Picornavirus?
It initiates translation
What is the primary route of transmission of Enteroviruses?
Fecal-oral route
What is the role of serum antibody in Rhinoviruses?
It is not protective
What is the name of the vaccine that is no longer recommended in the U.S.?
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
What is the estimated percentage of people who will develop paralytic polio?
1%
What is the name of the syndrome that occurs in 25-50% of patients infected with poliovirus in childhood?
Post-polio syndrome (PPS)
What is the name of the virus responsible for Hand-foot-mouth disease?
Coxsackievirus A16
What is the purpose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)?
To prevent polio
What is the percentage of acute sporadic myocarditis caused by Coxsackieviruses B2-5?
1/3-1/2
Which of the following is a symptom of Pleurodynia?
Unilateral low thoracic, pleuritic chest pain
What is the usual incubation period of Hepatitis A Virus?
2-7 weeks
What is the percentage of identifiable cases of aseptic meningitis in the US caused by EV?
>85%
What is the pathogenesis of Acute Flaccid Myelitis in Children?
Pathology in gray matter of spinal cord
What is the efficacy of post-exposure treatment with immune serum globulin (HAV IG) in preventing clinical disease?
80-90%
What is the percentage of infections that are asymptomatic in Rhinovirus infections?
50%
What is the possible consequence of destruction of the immune system in the gut?
Leakage of gut flora and/or endotoxins into the circulatory system
What is the name of the disease characterized by sudden onset of fever, unilateral low thoracic, pleuritic chest pain, and abdominal pain?
Pleurodynia
What is the criteria for an AIDS diagnosis?
CD4 count of fewer than 200 cells/mm3 of blood
What is the percentage of myocarditis cases in people aged 35 or younger where Coxsackievirus is found?
42%
What is the target of the majority of antiretroviral drugs?
Reverse transcriptase
What is the name of the virus that is responsible for most cases of acute flaccid myelitis in children?
No common etiology
What is the function of protease inhibitors in anti-HIV therapy?
To block maturation of virus particles by inhibiting Gag and Gag-Pol protein cleavage
What is the purpose of viral load and CD4+ T cell counts in HIV treatment?
To monitor the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy
What is the limitation of humoral immunity in preventing HIV infection?
It is not effective at mucosal surfaces
What is the reason why a live attenuated HIV vaccine is not possible?
Integration of the virus into host cells makes it difficult to achieve
What is the goal of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in HIV treatment?
To reduce levels of virus in the blood to undetectable levels
What is the characteristic of HIV envelope that makes vaccine development challenging?
It is highly variable and quasispecies make a single genetic epitope useless
What is the importance of CD8+ CTL response in HIV prevention?
It is important but a live attenuated vaccine is not possible
Learn how HIV is transmitted through various routes, including sexual intercourse, blood transfer, and mother-to-child transmission. Understand the risks and factors that contribute to the spread of HIV. Test your knowledge on HIV transmission and prevention!
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