HIV Transmission and Prevention
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary route of HIV transmission?

  • Through touching contaminated surfaces
  • Through sexual intercourse (correct)
  • Through respiratory droplets
  • Through skin contact

Where is the major site of HIV replication?

  • Skin
  • Lymph nodes in the gut (correct)
  • Blood
  • Bone marrow

What is the average duration of the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection?

  • 2-15 years (correct)
  • 10-20 years
  • 5-10 years
  • 5-20 years

What is the threshold of T4 cell levels below which AIDS symptoms appear?

<p>200/mm3 (μl) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does HIV enter the body?

<p>Through mucous membrane or skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are IV drug abusers a significant factor in the spread of HIV to the heterosexual population?

<p>They are more likely to share needles contaminated with HIV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal temperature for rhinovirus replication?

<p>33°C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do infected cells respond to rhinovirus infection?

<p>They release both bradykinin and histamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of rhinovirus infection in terms of symptoms and viral shedding?

<p>Symptoms correlate with the time of viral shedding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a vaccine for rhinovirus not available?

<p>Due to the multiple serotypes and antigenic drift (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for caliciviruses like norovirus?

<p>Fecal-oral transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of norovirus infection in terms of incubation period and shedding?

<p>Shedding begins before symptoms and lasts up to 100 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for most infectious diseases to eventually die out?

<p>Mortality &gt;60% and Immunity &gt;80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of Picornavirus?

<p>Single-stranded RNA with 5’ VPg cap and 3’ polyA tail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 5’ RNA structure in Picornavirus?

<p>It initiates translation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission of Enteroviruses?

<p>Fecal-oral route (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of serum antibody in Rhinoviruses?

<p>It is not protective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vaccine that is no longer recommended in the U.S.?

<p>Oral polio vaccine (OPV) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of people who will develop paralytic polio?

<p>1% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the syndrome that occurs in 25-50% of patients infected with poliovirus in childhood?

<p>Post-polio syndrome (PPS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virus responsible for Hand-foot-mouth disease?

<p>Coxsackievirus A16 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)?

<p>To prevent polio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of acute sporadic myocarditis caused by Coxsackieviruses B2-5?

<p>1/3-1/2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Pleurodynia?

<p>Unilateral low thoracic, pleuritic chest pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual incubation period of Hepatitis A Virus?

<p>2-7 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of identifiable cases of aseptic meningitis in the US caused by EV?

<p>&gt;85% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of Acute Flaccid Myelitis in Children?

<p>Pathology in gray matter of spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the efficacy of post-exposure treatment with immune serum globulin (HAV IG) in preventing clinical disease?

<p>80-90% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of infections that are asymptomatic in Rhinovirus infections?

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible consequence of destruction of the immune system in the gut?

<p>Leakage of gut flora and/or endotoxins into the circulatory system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease characterized by sudden onset of fever, unilateral low thoracic, pleuritic chest pain, and abdominal pain?

<p>Pleurodynia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria for an AIDS diagnosis?

<p>CD4 count of fewer than 200 cells/mm3 of blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of myocarditis cases in people aged 35 or younger where Coxsackievirus is found?

<p>42% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of the majority of antiretroviral drugs?

<p>Reverse transcriptase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virus that is responsible for most cases of acute flaccid myelitis in children?

<p>No common etiology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of protease inhibitors in anti-HIV therapy?

<p>To block maturation of virus particles by inhibiting Gag and Gag-Pol protein cleavage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of viral load and CD4+ T cell counts in HIV treatment?

<p>To monitor the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of humoral immunity in preventing HIV infection?

<p>It is not effective at mucosal surfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why a live attenuated HIV vaccine is not possible?

<p>Integration of the virus into host cells makes it difficult to achieve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in HIV treatment?

<p>To reduce levels of virus in the blood to undetectable levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of HIV envelope that makes vaccine development challenging?

<p>It is highly variable and quasispecies make a single genetic epitope useless (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of CD8+ CTL response in HIV prevention?

<p>It is important but a live attenuated vaccine is not possible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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