HIV Transmission and Prevention

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What is the primary route of HIV transmission?

Through touching contaminated surfaces

Through sexual intercourse (correct)

Through respiratory droplets

Through skin contact

Where is the major site of HIV replication?

Skin

Lymph nodes in the gut (correct)

Blood

Bone marrow

What is the average duration of the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection?

2-15 years (correct)

10-20 years

5-10 years

5-20 years

What is the threshold of T4 cell levels below which AIDS symptoms appear?

200/mm3 (μl) (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does HIV enter the body?

Through mucous membrane or skin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why are IV drug abusers a significant factor in the spread of HIV to the heterosexual population?

They are more likely to share needles contaminated with HIV (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal temperature for rhinovirus replication?

33°C (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do infected cells respond to rhinovirus infection?

They release both bradykinin and histamine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of rhinovirus infection in terms of symptoms and viral shedding?

Symptoms correlate with the time of viral shedding (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is a vaccine for rhinovirus not available?

Due to the multiple serotypes and antigenic drift (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for caliciviruses like norovirus?

Fecal-oral transmission (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of norovirus infection in terms of incubation period and shedding?

Shedding begins before symptoms and lasts up to 100 hours (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is required for most infectious diseases to eventually die out?

Mortality >60% and Immunity >80% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of Picornavirus?

Single-stranded RNA with 5’ VPg cap and 3’ polyA tail (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 5’ RNA structure in Picornavirus?

It initiates translation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission of Enteroviruses?

Fecal-oral route (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of serum antibody in Rhinoviruses?

It is not protective (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vaccine that is no longer recommended in the U.S.?

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of people who will develop paralytic polio?

1% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the syndrome that occurs in 25-50% of patients infected with poliovirus in childhood?

Post-polio syndrome (PPS) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virus responsible for Hand-foot-mouth disease?

Coxsackievirus A16 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)?

To prevent polio (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of acute sporadic myocarditis caused by Coxsackieviruses B2-5?

1/3-1/2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Pleurodynia?

Unilateral low thoracic, pleuritic chest pain (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual incubation period of Hepatitis A Virus?

2-7 weeks (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of identifiable cases of aseptic meningitis in the US caused by EV?

>85% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of Acute Flaccid Myelitis in Children?

Pathology in gray matter of spinal cord (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the efficacy of post-exposure treatment with immune serum globulin (HAV IG) in preventing clinical disease?

80-90% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of infections that are asymptomatic in Rhinovirus infections?

50% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible consequence of destruction of the immune system in the gut?

Leakage of gut flora and/or endotoxins into the circulatory system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease characterized by sudden onset of fever, unilateral low thoracic, pleuritic chest pain, and abdominal pain?

Pleurodynia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria for an AIDS diagnosis?

CD4 count of fewer than 200 cells/mm3 of blood (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of myocarditis cases in people aged 35 or younger where Coxsackievirus is found?

42% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of the majority of antiretroviral drugs?

Reverse transcriptase (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virus that is responsible for most cases of acute flaccid myelitis in children?

No common etiology (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of protease inhibitors in anti-HIV therapy?

To block maturation of virus particles by inhibiting Gag and Gag-Pol protein cleavage (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of viral load and CD4+ T cell counts in HIV treatment?

To monitor the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of humoral immunity in preventing HIV infection?

It is not effective at mucosal surfaces (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why a live attenuated HIV vaccine is not possible?

Integration of the virus into host cells makes it difficult to achieve (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in HIV treatment?

To reduce levels of virus in the blood to undetectable levels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of HIV envelope that makes vaccine development challenging?

It is highly variable and quasispecies make a single genetic epitope useless (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of CD8+ CTL response in HIV prevention?

It is important but a live attenuated vaccine is not possible (D) Signup and view all the answers