HIV Session: Epidemiology, Taxonomy, and Replication

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What percentage of people living with HIV in the US are unaware they have the disease?

1 in 5

1 in 8 (correct)

1 in 12

1 in 10

Which demographic is at the highest risk for HIV infection?

Young African American women

Young African American gay and bisexual men (correct)

Latin American immigrants

Older Caucasian men

What is the percentage decrease in HIV diagnoses in the US and dependent areas from 2017 to 2021?

10%

7% (correct)

12%

5%

What region in the US has the highest rates of HIV and AIDS diagnoses?

The South Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of people infected with HIV globally since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic?

84.2 million Signup and view all the answers

How many new HIV infections were reported in 2021?

1.5 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant factor in social life that was virtually eliminated by the mid-twentieth century, according to Dr. Frank Burnet?

Infectious disease Signup and view all the answers

Between which years did death due to infectious disease rise significantly?

1980-early 1990s Signup and view all the answers

In which year were previously healthy homosexual men diagnosed with opportunistic infections and rare cancers?

1981 Signup and view all the answers

What was the common characteristic of all patients diagnosed with HIV in the early stages of the epidemic?

They were all suffering from severe immunodeficiencies Signup and view all the answers

What were the two rare diseases commonly seen in HIV patients at the early stages of the epidemic?

Kaposi's sarcoma and P.jiroveci Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of describing the epidemiology of HIV?

To identify high-risk groups and transmission risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the clinical course of HIV from transmission to AIDS?

The phases of HIV infection with associated clinical findings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of laboratory identification techniques and assays used to ID HIV?

To compare and contrast different laboratory identification techniques and assays Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of AIDS based on?

The presence of opportunistic infections and neoplasms Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of HIV encephalopathy?

The clinical and pathologic features of HIV encephalopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of identifying high-risk behaviors for HIV transmission?

To adjust testing accordingly Signup and view all the answers

What process do retroviruses undergo to convert viral RNA into DNA?

Reverse transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in retroviruses?

To convert viral RNA into DNA Signup and view all the answers

How many genes do lentiviruses, like HIV, typically possess?

9 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary receptor that HIV binds to on CD4 T cells and macrophages?

CD4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gp120 protein in HIV?

To bind to CD4 receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the integrase enzyme in the HIV replication cycle?

To integrate viral DNA into host DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the binding of gp120 to its receptor and co-receptor?

A conformational change in gp41 occurs, drawing HIV tightly to host cells Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the donor who provided the bone marrow transplant to Timothy Ray Brown?

They had a homozygous mutation in CCR5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in the HIV life cycle?

To transcribe viral RNA into DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the integrase enzyme in the HIV life cycle?

To integrate viral DNA into the host chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the integration of viral DNA into the host chromosome?

The viral genome is now called the provirus Signup and view all the answers

How many total proteins are encoded by the 9 genes of HIV-1?

15 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies?

Primary immunodeficiencies are genetic, while secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired. Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated frequency of IgA deficiency in the U.S. population?

1 in 300 - 500 Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if something goes wrong with the immune system?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of non-IgA deficiency primary immunodeficiencies in live births?

1 in 1,200 Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of primary immunodeficiencies?

Genetic or inherited Signup and view all the answers

What are primary immunodeficiencies often associated with?

Both autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID)?

Increased susceptibility to infection Signup and view all the answers

What is a common presentation of Ataxia-Telangiectasia?

Small dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes Signup and view all the answers

What can be a complication of recurrent infections in PID?

Sepsis Signup and view all the answers

Why may PID go undetected initially?

Because of the resemblance to normal childhood infections Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of DiGeorge Syndrome?

Abnormal facial features and thymic hypoplasia Signup and view all the answers

What can be a cause of recurrent sinus infections in smokers?

Smoking habits Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range of children who are more likely to get ear infections due to their eustachian tube position?

Under 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of healthy older children and adults in terms of getting ear infections and thrush?

They are less likely to get ear infections and thrush Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria for evaluating a patient for PRIMARY Immunodeficiency?

Having 2 or more infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of PID, accounting for more than 50% of all PID diagnoses?

B-cell/Ab deficiencies Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range when B-cell/Ab deficiencies usually present?

After 3-6 months of life Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of X-linked agammaglobulinemia?

It is a type of B-cell deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of cancers that occur in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases?

B-cell lymphoma Signup and view all the answers

In which tissues are Non-Hodgkin lymphoma often found in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases?

Central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of ataxia-telangiectasia patients that are at risk of developing cancers?

30% Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended measure for cancer prevention in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases?

Avoiding STIs Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom that patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases should report to their doctor?

Weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?

Virtually no T cells or immune function Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?

Bone marrow transplant ASAP Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome?

Presents later in childhood with less severe immunodeficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) at birth?

To treat the disease early and prevent severe complications Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of T-cells in the immune system?

To provide immune function and support B-cells Signup and view all the answers