HIV Prevention Methods

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Which hepatitis infection is more likely to become chronic?

It depends on the age of acquisition

Hepatitis B

Both have the same likelihood

Hepatitis C (correct)

How is acute hepatitis C infection defined?

Positive hep C ribonucleic acid (RNA) for up to six months following initial infection (correct)

Presence of hepatitis C surface antigen less than six months

Presence of hepatitis C surface antigen more than six months

Persistently positive RNA for more than six months

What are common risk factors for both hepatitis B and C infections?

Injection drug use and unprotected sex (correct)

Men who have sex with men

Exposure to infected blood only

Household contacts of known infected persons only

How is chronic hepatitis B infection defined?

Positive RNA for more than six months Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between acute and chronic hepatitis C infections?

The duration of hepatitis C surface antigen Signup and view all the answers

What plays a significant role in determining the likelihood of chronicity in HBV infections?

Age of acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What antiviral treatment can be discontinued three months postpartum with continued ALT monitoring?

3TC Signup and view all the answers

Following birth to a hepatitis B surface-antigen positive mother, what should the infant be provided to prevent perinatal infection?

Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin Signup and view all the answers

For hepatitis C, when is treatment not currently recommended for pregnant women of childbearing age?

During pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What can hasten fibrosis progression in patients with HCV?

Obesity and metabolic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What should patients avoid to prevent transmission if they have HCV or HBV?

Using shared toothbrushes Signup and view all the answers

What type of HIV primarily accounts for the majority of cases worldwide, including in the United States?

HIV-1 Signup and view all the answers

2

Ribavirin Signup and view all the answers

What should patients avoid to prevent transmission if they have HCV or HBV?

Using shared toothbrushes Signup and view all the answers

What are the goals of drug therapy for hepatitis B?

Preventing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is an immunomodulator for hepatitis C treatment?

Pag interferon Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential side effect of TDF in hepatitis B treatment?

Nephrotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about pediatric hepatitis B treatment is true?

Treatment is based on achieving sustained HBE zero conversion Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of Pag interferon in hepatitis C therapy?

Neutropenia and anemia Signup and view all the answers

Special consideration for geriatric patients in hepatitis B includes:

Dosing based on renal impairment Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C treatment?

Revolutionizing care since 2011 Signup and view all the answers

Why are all baby boomers recommended to be screened for hepatitis C?

"Baby boomer" age group has a high risk of infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to diagnose HIV1 infection?

Immunosay detecting antibodies to the virus Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme allows the synthesis of a DNA molecule from RNA in HIV infection?

Reverse transcriptase Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of normal CD4 count in adults?

500-1600 Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily affected by HIV infection?

CD4 plus tealent facites Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of HIV therapy?

Maximal and sustained suppression of viral load Signup and view all the answers

Which assay calculates the concentrations of anti-retroviral drugs needed to inhibit HIV replication by 50%?

Phenotypic assay Signup and view all the answers

What is the major limitation mentioned for HIV drug resistance testing?

No standardized quality assurance for genotypic and phenotypic assays Signup and view all the answers

Which NNRTI has been associated with severe life-threatening hepatotoxicity that usually occurs within the first few weeks of initiation?

Nevaripine Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended initial dosing schedule for nevaripine to minimize the risk of hepatic toxicity?

Once daily for 14 days Signup and view all the answers

Which NNRTI is reserved for treatment-experienced patients and demonstrates activity against HIV viruses with mutations resistant to other NNRTIs?

Etrabearing Signup and view all the answers

What are common side effects associated with Real pivorene?

Depression, headache, and insomnia Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme metabolizes all NNRTIs according to the text?

CYP 450 3A4 Signup and view all the answers

What are common adverse effects of protease inhibitors as per the text?

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is a common class effect of protease inhibitors according to the text?

Metabolic disorders and fat maldistribution Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended management strategy for fat maldistribution associated with protease inhibitors according to the text?

Diet and exercise plus Tessa Morlin administration Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class of HIV medications must be phosphorylated in target cells before becoming active?

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was the very first one to receive approval in the United States for the treatment of HIV?

Zidovudine Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant adverse effect associated with zidovudine?

Bone marrow suppression Signup and view all the answers

Which HIV drug has to be discontinued immediately if lactic acidosis with hepatic steatosis develops?

Stavudine Signup and view all the answers

What factors increase the risk of developing lactic acidosis with hepatic steatosis due to HIV medications?

Obesity and prolonged use of NRTIs Signup and view all the answers

Which NNRTI is no longer recommended for initial treatment due to a higher incidence of rash and hepatotoxicity?

Nevirapine Signup and view all the answers

Which NNRTI is commonly associated with central nervous system adverse effects like dizziness and impaired concentration?

Efavirenz Signup and view all the answers

What is the major advantage of fusion inhibitors over other anti-retroviral drugs according to the text?

Less resistance due to distinct mechanism of action Signup and view all the answers

Which integrase inhibitor is co-formulated with a booster agent, reducing the frequency of dosing and potentially causing numerous drug interactions?

Bictegravir Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect associated with elvitegravir, an integrase inhibitor?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario warrants caution when using an integrase inhibitor like raltegravir?

Presence of renal dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Why is elvitegravir particularly associated with elevations in creatinine kinase and possibly rhabdomyolysis?

Mechanism of action Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the dosing frequency for elvitegravir co-formulated with cobicistat, as per the text?

Once-daily dosing Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for healthcare practitioners to collaborate with HIV patients in selecting a treatment regimen?

To improve patient compliance with the treatment Signup and view all the answers

What factor makes the management of HIV patients challenging?

Genotypic resistance Signup and view all the answers

How does non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy impact treatment outcomes?

Increases the chances of developing resistance Signup and view all the answers

What aspect makes the selection of HIV treatment regimens complex?

Genotypic resistance Signup and view all the answers

In HIV management, why should treatment regimens be individualized?

To address genotypic resistance and comorbidities Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration for healthcare professionals when managing the adverse effects of HIV medications?

Managing potential drug interactions effectively Signup and view all the answers

Which second-generation INST has a higher genetic barrier to resistance?

BISBIT-tegravir Signup and view all the answers

What should be done prior to using Mariviric in patients?

Perform a co-receptor tropism assay Signup and view all the answers

Which antiretroviral drug is administered as an IV infusion every two weeks?

Balazumab Signup and view all the answers

What is the black box warning associated with Mariviric?

Hepatotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Phosphamase severe in HIV treatment?

Hydrolyzes to temassevere, a GP120 attachment inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

Which HIV medication is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor?

Real pivorene Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to verilogic failure in HIV treatment?

High pill burden Signup and view all the answers

What defines verilogic rebound in HIV treatment?

Increase in viral load after suppression Signup and view all the answers

Why are pediatric patients monitored more frequently for CD4 counts during HIV treatment?

Volume of distribution varies in children Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge in pediatric HIV drug therapy highlighted in the text?

Unpleasant taste of drugs Signup and view all the answers

What consideration is important when prescribing antiretroviral therapy to pregnant females?

Safety and efficacy Signup and view all the answers

How is verilogic blip different from verilogic rebound in HIV treatment?

Temporary increase in viral load Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of CD4-T cell counts in monitoring pediatric HIV patients?

Monitor disease progression Signup and view all the answers

In pediatric patients, why is medication adherence crucial during HIV therapy?

To avoid drug resistance Signup and view all the answers

How do verilogic blips differ from verilogic failure in the context of HIV treatment?

Associated with detectable virus occurrences Signup and view all the answers

What role does medication taste play in pediatric HIV treatment adherence?

Influences willingness to take medications Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for pregnant women with viral loads consistently below 1,000 copies per milliliter during late pregnancy and delivery?

Start oral chemoprophylaxis for the infant Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means of HIV transmission in the healthcare worker population?

Accidental needle stick Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended PEP regimen for healthcare workers after exposure to HIV?

TDF plus intracidobene plus raw tag-rovere Signup and view all the answers

How soon after exposure should post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) be started to prevent systemic infection?

Within 1 to 2 hours Signup and view all the answers

Why is adherence emphasized when considering pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for individuals at risk of HIV infection?

To enhance the effectiveness of the regimen Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for individuals on PrEP to prevent the development of resistance in the presence of HIV infection?

Testing negative for HIV infection within one week of PrEP initiation Signup and view all the answers

How often should CD4 counts be checked during the first two years of ART treatment?

Every three to six months Signup and view all the answers

HIV Prevention Methods

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Questions and Answers

Which hepatitis infection is more likely to become chronic?

How is acute hepatitis C infection defined?

What are common risk factors for both hepatitis B and C infections?

How is chronic hepatitis B infection defined?

What is a significant difference between acute and chronic hepatitis C infections?

What plays a significant role in determining the likelihood of chronicity in HBV infections?

What antiviral treatment can be discontinued three months postpartum with continued ALT monitoring?

Following birth to a hepatitis B surface-antigen positive mother, what should the infant be provided to prevent perinatal infection?

For hepatitis C, when is treatment not currently recommended for pregnant women of childbearing age?

What can hasten fibrosis progression in patients with HCV?

What should patients avoid to prevent transmission if they have HCV or HBV?

What type of HIV primarily accounts for the majority of cases worldwide, including in the United States?

2

What should patients avoid to prevent transmission if they have HCV or HBV?

What are the goals of drug therapy for hepatitis B?

Which medication is an immunomodulator for hepatitis C treatment?

What is the potential side effect of TDF in hepatitis B treatment?

Which statement about pediatric hepatitis B treatment is true?

What is a common side effect of Pag interferon in hepatitis C therapy?

Special consideration for geriatric patients in hepatitis B includes:

What is a distinguishing feature of direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C treatment?

Why are all baby boomers recommended to be screened for hepatitis C?

What is the primary method used to diagnose HIV1 infection?

Which enzyme allows the synthesis of a DNA molecule from RNA in HIV infection?

What is the range of normal CD4 count in adults?

Which cells are primarily affected by HIV infection?

What is the primary goal of HIV therapy?

Which assay calculates the concentrations of anti-retroviral drugs needed to inhibit HIV replication by 50%?

What is the major limitation mentioned for HIV drug resistance testing?

Which NNRTI has been associated with severe life-threatening hepatotoxicity that usually occurs within the first few weeks of initiation?

What is the recommended initial dosing schedule for nevaripine to minimize the risk of hepatic toxicity?

Which NNRTI is reserved for treatment-experienced patients and demonstrates activity against HIV viruses with mutations resistant to other NNRTIs?

What are common side effects associated with Real pivorene?

Which enzyme metabolizes all NNRTIs according to the text?

What are common adverse effects of protease inhibitors as per the text?

What is a common class effect of protease inhibitors according to the text?

What is the recommended management strategy for fat maldistribution associated with protease inhibitors according to the text?

Which drug class of HIV medications must be phosphorylated in target cells before becoming active?

Which drug was the very first one to receive approval in the United States for the treatment of HIV?

What is a significant adverse effect associated with zidovudine?

Which HIV drug has to be discontinued immediately if lactic acidosis with hepatic steatosis develops?

What factors increase the risk of developing lactic acidosis with hepatic steatosis due to HIV medications?

Which NNRTI is no longer recommended for initial treatment due to a higher incidence of rash and hepatotoxicity?

Which NNRTI is commonly associated with central nervous system adverse effects like dizziness and impaired concentration?

What is the major advantage of fusion inhibitors over other anti-retroviral drugs according to the text?

Which integrase inhibitor is co-formulated with a booster agent, reducing the frequency of dosing and potentially causing numerous drug interactions?

What is the most common adverse effect associated with elvitegravir, an integrase inhibitor?

Which scenario warrants caution when using an integrase inhibitor like raltegravir?

Why is elvitegravir particularly associated with elevations in creatinine kinase and possibly rhabdomyolysis?

Which statement accurately describes the dosing frequency for elvitegravir co-formulated with cobicistat, as per the text?

Why is it important for healthcare practitioners to collaborate with HIV patients in selecting a treatment regimen?

What factor makes the management of HIV patients challenging?

How does non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy impact treatment outcomes?

What aspect makes the selection of HIV treatment regimens complex?

In HIV management, why should treatment regimens be individualized?

What is a critical consideration for healthcare professionals when managing the adverse effects of HIV medications?

Which second-generation INST has a higher genetic barrier to resistance?

What should be done prior to using Mariviric in patients?

Which antiretroviral drug is administered as an IV infusion every two weeks?

What is the black box warning associated with Mariviric?

What is the mechanism of action of Phosphamase severe in HIV treatment?

Which HIV medication is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor?

Which factor contributes to verilogic failure in HIV treatment?

What defines verilogic rebound in HIV treatment?

Why are pediatric patients monitored more frequently for CD4 counts during HIV treatment?

What is a challenge in pediatric HIV drug therapy highlighted in the text?

What consideration is important when prescribing antiretroviral therapy to pregnant females?

How is verilogic blip different from verilogic rebound in HIV treatment?

What is the significance of CD4-T cell counts in monitoring pediatric HIV patients?

In pediatric patients, why is medication adherence crucial during HIV therapy?

How do verilogic blips differ from verilogic failure in the context of HIV treatment?

What role does medication taste play in pediatric HIV treatment adherence?

What is the recommended action for pregnant women with viral loads consistently below 1,000 copies per milliliter during late pregnancy and delivery?

What is the primary means of HIV transmission in the healthcare worker population?

What is the recommended PEP regimen for healthcare workers after exposure to HIV?

How soon after exposure should post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) be started to prevent systemic infection?