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Questions and Answers
What is a primary focus of the guidelines provided by the American Academy of Pediatrics for HIV-infected children?
What is a primary focus of the guidelines provided by the American Academy of Pediatrics for HIV-infected children?
- Management of chronic illnesses in non-HIV patients
- Development of educational programs for families
- Vaccination protocols for non-infected children
- Treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections (correct)
Which of the following is a common pathogen associated with opportunistic infections in HIV patients?
Which of the following is a common pathogen associated with opportunistic infections in HIV patients?
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (correct)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Candida albicans (correct)
- Escherichia coli
What is the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) commonly associated with?
What is the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) commonly associated with?
- Reactivity to previously present opportunistic pathogens post-treatment (correct)
- Worsening of chronic liver disease
- HIV-related neurocognitive disorders
- Development of new ailments unrelated to HIV
What strategy is recommended to prevent opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed children?
What strategy is recommended to prevent opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed children?
Which element is crucial in the management of HIV-infected children according to current guidelines?
Which element is crucial in the management of HIV-infected children according to current guidelines?
What is the primary mode of HHV-8 acquisition?
What is the primary mode of HHV-8 acquisition?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended control measure for HHV-8 transmission?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended control measure for HHV-8 transmission?
Why do some experts question the effectiveness of avoiding saliva exposure to control HHV-8 transmission?
Why do some experts question the effectiveness of avoiding saliva exposure to control HHV-8 transmission?
What concludes the recommendations for measures to control HHV-8 transmission?
What concludes the recommendations for measures to control HHV-8 transmission?
What is a notable clinical manifestation of HIV infection?
What is a notable clinical manifestation of HIV infection?
What is the focus of expert recommendations for those at high risk of Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS)?
What is the focus of expert recommendations for those at high risk of Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS)?
Which of the following best describes the state of recommendations for HHV-8 control measures?
Which of the following best describes the state of recommendations for HHV-8 control measures?
What is a common pathogen observed in HIV patients?
What is a common pathogen observed in HIV patients?
What is a common early clinical manifestation of untreated pediatric HIV infection?
What is a common early clinical manifestation of untreated pediatric HIV infection?
Which of the following illnesses is associated with opportunistic infections in children with untreated HIV?
Which of the following illnesses is associated with opportunistic infections in children with untreated HIV?
What disease may manifest as central nervous system involvement in pediatric HIV infection?
What disease may manifest as central nervous system involvement in pediatric HIV infection?
What role does combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) play in children with HIV?
What role does combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) play in children with HIV?
Which prevention strategy is crucial in managing HIV infection in pregnant women?
Which prevention strategy is crucial in managing HIV infection in pregnant women?
What is a possible consequence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients?
What is a possible consequence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients?
Which of the following is NOT a common opportunistic infection in pediatric HIV patients?
Which of the following is NOT a common opportunistic infection in pediatric HIV patients?
What is an example of a persistent infection that may occur in untreated pediatric HIV?
What is an example of a persistent infection that may occur in untreated pediatric HIV?
Which antiviral medication is suggested to inhibit HHV-8 replication?
Which antiviral medication is suggested to inhibit HHV-8 replication?
What is the recommended approach for treating HHV-8 associated malignancies?
What is the recommended approach for treating HHV-8 associated malignancies?
Which antiretroviral agents may inhibit HHV-8 replication according to studies?
Which antiretroviral agents may inhibit HHV-8 replication according to studies?
What precaution is recommended for the isolation of hospitalized patients with HHV-8 infection?
What precaution is recommended for the isolation of hospitalized patients with HHV-8 infection?
Which treatment aspect may play a more significant role in diseases associated with active HHV-8 replication?
Which treatment aspect may play a more significant role in diseases associated with active HHV-8 replication?
What is the primary HIV type found in the United States?
What is the primary HIV type found in the United States?
Which condition is characterized by non-specific mononucleosis-like symptoms shortly after HIV infection?
Which condition is characterized by non-specific mononucleosis-like symptoms shortly after HIV infection?
What symptoms are associated with acute retroviral syndrome following HIV infection?
What symptoms are associated with acute retroviral syndrome following HIV infection?
Which stage is HIV-1 infection classified into when severe immune deficiency occurs?
Which stage is HIV-1 infection classified into when severe immune deficiency occurs?
What percentage of adolescents and adults experience acute retroviral syndrome after HIV infection?
What percentage of adolescents and adults experience acute retroviral syndrome after HIV infection?
What is the primary concern surrounding the transmission of HHV-8 based on epidemiologic data?
What is the primary concern surrounding the transmission of HHV-8 based on epidemiologic data?
Why has the recommendation to avoid saliva exposure for high-risk individuals been questioned?
Why has the recommendation to avoid saliva exposure for high-risk individuals been questioned?
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn regarding control measures for HHV-8 infection?
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn regarding control measures for HHV-8 infection?
What do clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection include?
What do clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection include?
Which group is encouraged to follow avoidance of saliva exposure based on expert recommendations?
Which group is encouraged to follow avoidance of saliva exposure based on expert recommendations?
What implication has been drawn from extensive data about HHV-8 acquisition?
What implication has been drawn from extensive data about HHV-8 acquisition?
What is a critical perspective held by experts regarding control measures for HHV-8?
What is a critical perspective held by experts regarding control measures for HHV-8?
What is one of the main recommendations for high-risk individuals concerning HHV-8 transmission?
What is one of the main recommendations for high-risk individuals concerning HHV-8 transmission?
What are early clinical manifestations of untreated pediatric HIV infection?
What are early clinical manifestations of untreated pediatric HIV infection?
Which condition is least likely to be associated with pediatric HIV infection?
Which condition is least likely to be associated with pediatric HIV infection?
How has the occurrence of AIDS-defining illnesses among children in industrialized countries been affected by early diagnosis and treatment?
How has the occurrence of AIDS-defining illnesses among children in industrialized countries been affected by early diagnosis and treatment?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of untreated pediatric HIV infection?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of untreated pediatric HIV infection?
With the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), what has been observed regarding clinical manifestations among HIV-infected children?
With the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), what has been observed regarding clinical manifestations among HIV-infected children?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with early pediatric HIV infection?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with early pediatric HIV infection?
What is a common opportunistic infection that may occur in untreated pediatric HIV patients?
What is a common opportunistic infection that may occur in untreated pediatric HIV patients?
Which of the following is an effect of untreated HIV infection on infants and children?
Which of the following is an effect of untreated HIV infection on infants and children?
What were the most common opportunistic infections observed among children in the pre-cART era?
What were the most common opportunistic infections observed among children in the pre-cART era?
What is a characteristic of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)?
What is a characteristic of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)?
Which opportunistic pathogens are less commonly observed in pediatric HIV patients?
Which opportunistic pathogens are less commonly observed in pediatric HIV patients?
What factors influenced the frequency of opportunistic infections in children before starting combination antiretroviral therapy?
What factors influenced the frequency of opportunistic infections in children before starting combination antiretroviral therapy?
What may predispose a patient to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)?
What may predispose a patient to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)?
Which of the following is NOT considered an opportunistic infection in pediatric HIV patients?
Which of the following is NOT considered an opportunistic infection in pediatric HIV patients?
What is the primary cause of increased frequency of opportunistic infections in children with HIV before antiretroviral therapy?
What is the primary cause of increased frequency of opportunistic infections in children with HIV before antiretroviral therapy?
Which species has been previously referred to as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, also known as PCP?
Which species has been previously referred to as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, also known as PCP?
What type of lymphoma is more common in HIV-infected children compared to immunocompetent children?
What type of lymphoma is more common in HIV-infected children compared to immunocompetent children?
What significant change has occurred in the incidence of malignant neoplasms in HIV-infected children during the cART era?
What significant change has occurred in the incidence of malignant neoplasms in HIV-infected children during the cART era?
Which neurological condition has seen a substantial decrease in incidence among HIV-infected children in the cART era?
Which neurological condition has seen a substantial decrease in incidence among HIV-infected children in the cART era?
What predicts a poor outcome for untreated infants who acquired HIV infection through mother-to-child transmission?
What predicts a poor outcome for untreated infants who acquired HIV infection through mother-to-child transmission?
What is the classification of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in terms of their viral family?
What is the classification of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in terms of their viral family?
What is the outcome if untreated HIV-infected infants exhibit AIDS-defining conditions within the first 6 months of life?
What is the outcome if untreated HIV-infected infants exhibit AIDS-defining conditions within the first 6 months of life?
Which group of HIV viruses is most prevalent worldwide?
Which group of HIV viruses is most prevalent worldwide?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV life cycle?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV life cycle?
Flashcards
HHV-8 transmission
HHV-8 transmission
Primarily through contact with saliva, according to some experts.
High-risk KS
High-risk KS
Individuals at increased risk of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).
Control measures HHV-8
Control measures HHV-8
No recommendations exist currently for controlling HHV-8 transmission.
HIV infection
HIV infection
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Clinical manifestations
Clinical manifestations
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Kaposi's sarcoma(KS)
Kaposi's sarcoma(KS)
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Saliva contact
Saliva contact
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Expert opinions on HHV-8
Expert opinions on HHV-8
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HIV in children (US/developed)
HIV in children (US/developed)
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Untreated HIV Symptoms (kids)
Untreated HIV Symptoms (kids)
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Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly
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Splenomegaly
Splenomegaly
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Failure to Thrive
Failure to Thrive
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Opportunistic Infections (OIs)
Opportunistic Infections (OIs)
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AIDS-defining illnesses
AIDS-defining illnesses
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Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART)
Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART)
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AAP HIV Policy
AAP HIV Policy
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Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic Infections
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HIV-Exposed Children
HIV-Exposed Children
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HIV-Infected Children
HIV-Infected Children
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Prevention & Treatment Guidelines
Prevention & Treatment Guidelines
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HHV-8 Treatment
HHV-8 Treatment
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HHV-8 Associated Malignancies
HHV-8 Associated Malignancies
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HHV-8 Treatment for Associated Diseases?
HHV-8 Treatment for Associated Diseases?
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Treating HHV-8 Malignancies
Treating HHV-8 Malignancies
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Hospital Isolation for HHV-8
Hospital Isolation for HHV-8
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How is HHV-8 primarily spread?
How is HHV-8 primarily spread?
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Who's at risk for KS?
Who's at risk for KS?
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Why are there no standard guidelines for preventing HHV-8?
Why are there no standard guidelines for preventing HHV-8?
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What does HIV infection do to the body?
What does HIV infection do to the body?
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What are clinical manifestations of HIV infection?
What are clinical manifestations of HIV infection?
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Why are opportunistic infections common in people with HIV?
Why are opportunistic infections common in people with HIV?
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What is the purpose of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)?
What is the purpose of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)?
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What are AIDS-defining illnesses?
What are AIDS-defining illnesses?
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HIV-1 vs. HIV-2
HIV-1 vs. HIV-2
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AIDS
AIDS
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Acute Retroviral Syndrome
Acute Retroviral Syndrome
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What defines AIDS?
What defines AIDS?
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What are the symptoms of Acute Retroviral Syndrome?
What are the symptoms of Acute Retroviral Syndrome?
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Untreated Pediatric HIV
Untreated Pediatric HIV
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AIDS-Defining Illnesses in Children
AIDS-Defining Illnesses in Children
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cART for HIV in Children
cART for HIV in Children
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Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia
Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia
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Central Nervous System (CNS) Disease in HIV
Central Nervous System (CNS) Disease in HIV
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Hepatomegaly and Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly and Splenomegaly
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Failure to Thrive in HIV
Failure to Thrive in HIV
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Pre-cART Era OIs in Children
Pre-cART Era OIs in Children
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Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
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Underlying Infections Associated with IRIS
Underlying Infections Associated with IRIS
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cART and Opportunistic Infections
cART and Opportunistic Infections
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cART and IRIS
cART and IRIS
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Common OIs Before cART
Common OIs Before cART
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Impact of cART on OIs
Impact of cART on OIs
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HIV in children
HIV in children
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Burkitt lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma
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HIV encephalopathy
HIV encephalopathy
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cART (Combination Antiretroviral Therapy)
cART (Combination Antiretroviral Therapy)
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HIV transmission from mother to child (MTCT)
HIV transmission from mother to child (MTCT)
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Prognosis of untreated HIV infection
Prognosis of untreated HIV infection
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AIDS-defining conditions
AIDS-defining conditions
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Study Notes
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- HIV infection leads to a range of clinical manifestations, with HIV-1 more common in the U.S. than HIV-2.
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an advanced stage of HIV infection, categorized by specific criteria in children, adolescents, and adults.
- Acute retroviral syndrome (in 50-90% of infected adults and adolescents) appears during the initial weeks, characterized by nonspecific symptoms like fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and rash.
- Early symptoms in untreated children include unexplained fevers, lymphadenopathy, enlarged liver and spleen, failure to thrive, recurring oral thrush, diarrhea, parotitis (inflammation of the salivary glands), and hepatitis, CNS issues (e.g., encephalopathy, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, floppiness, developmental delays), lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, and recurring infections.
- Timely diagnosis and treatment reduce the occurrence of AIDS-defining illnesses in children and adolescents in developed countries.
- In the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), there's been a substantial decrease in opportunistic infections (OIs).
- Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a paradoxical deterioration observed shortly after starting cART, due to inflammation as the immune system recovers.
HIV Infection in Adolescents
- HIV infection in adolescents is primarily transmitted through sexual activity, followed by injection drug use.
- In 2014, males in the 13-24 age group primarily acquired HIV through male-to-male sexual contact.
- In 2010, there were approximately 40,144 adolescents (13-24 years old) living with HIV in the U.S. and associated territories.
- A large proportion of adolescents with HIV infection are undiagnosed.
- Most adolescents with HIV infection are asymptomatic, and unaware of infection at diagnosis.
HIV Incubation Period
- Untreated infants and children typically show symptoms 12-18 months after infection, while some present earlier or remain asymptomatic for several years.
- Early presentation of symptoms can occur, but a bimodal distribution generally follows, with rapid progressors dying before age four, and slower progressors remaining asymptomatic for years.
Diagnostic Tests for HIV
- Serologic assays (including antigen/antibody combination immunoassays and antibody differentiation assays) are used.
- Nucleic acid amplification assays (e.g., HIV-1 DNA/RNA assays) can detect HIV infection and measure viral load.
Treatment and Prevention of HIV
- Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is standard treatment, aimed at suppressing viral load and restoring immune function.
- Antiretroviral prophylaxis (ARV) is crucial during pregnancy to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT).
- Cesarean delivery before labor and before rupture of membranes, and avoidance of breastfeeding are important strategies to prevent transmission.
- Vaccination strategies are consistent with recommendations for the general population, however considerations for specific situations must be made.
- Opportunistic infections, like Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), should be addressed with prophylaxis in accordance with the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, viral load, and other medical factors.
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Description
This quiz explores the characteristics and clinical manifestations of HIV infection, focusing on the differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2. Learn about the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for preventing the progression to AIDS in various age groups. Test your knowledge on HIV's impact and management.
