Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a significant cause of blindness in HIV disease?
What is a significant cause of blindness in HIV disease?
What is the most common malignancy associated with AIDS?
What is the most common malignancy associated with AIDS?
What is a recommended strategy to prevent infection in HIV patients?
What is a recommended strategy to prevent infection in HIV patients?
Who should receive HIV testing as part of routine medical care?
Who should receive HIV testing as part of routine medical care?
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What is a key component of strategies to facilitate adherence to HIV treatment?
What is a key component of strategies to facilitate adherence to HIV treatment?
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What is a common opportunistic infection in HIV patients that can cause inflammatory reactions in various organs?
What is a common opportunistic infection in HIV patients that can cause inflammatory reactions in various organs?
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What is the most effective way to prevent opportunistic infections associated with HIV?
What is the most effective way to prevent opportunistic infections associated with HIV?
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What is the primary site of infection for Cryptosporidium?
What is the primary site of infection for Cryptosporidium?
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What is the purpose of PPD testing in HIV patients?
What is the purpose of PPD testing in HIV patients?
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What is the cause of increased alveolar capillary membrane permeability in Pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia?
What is the cause of increased alveolar capillary membrane permeability in Pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia?
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What is the consequence of Mycobacterium Avium Complex infection in the late phase of HIV infection?
What is the consequence of Mycobacterium Avium Complex infection in the late phase of HIV infection?
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What is the mode of transmission of Toxoplasma Gondii in humans?
What is the mode of transmission of Toxoplasma Gondii in humans?
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What is the treatment goal for Cryptosporidium infection?
What is the treatment goal for Cryptosporidium infection?
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What is the serious manifestation of Toxoplasma Gondii infection in persons with AIDS?
What is the serious manifestation of Toxoplasma Gondii infection in persons with AIDS?
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What is the primary therapy for treating Toxoplasmosis?
What is the primary therapy for treating Toxoplasmosis?
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What is the primary method of preventing Candidiasis infection?
What is the primary method of preventing Candidiasis infection?
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What is the primary site of infection for Cryptococcal infection?
What is the primary site of infection for Cryptococcal infection?
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What is the primary medication used to treat Cryptococcal infection?
What is the primary medication used to treat Cryptococcal infection?
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What is a common symptom of Herpes Simplex infection in individuals with AIDS?
What is a common symptom of Herpes Simplex infection in individuals with AIDS?
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What is the primary method of preventing the transmission of Toxoplasmosis?
What is the primary method of preventing the transmission of Toxoplasmosis?
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What is a common opportunistic infection in individuals with HIV/AIDS?
What is a common opportunistic infection in individuals with HIV/AIDS?
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What is the primary purpose of Dexamethasone in the treatment of Toxoplasmosis?
What is the primary purpose of Dexamethasone in the treatment of Toxoplasmosis?
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Study Notes
HIV and Opportunistic Infections
- HAART therapy is the most effective way to prevent opportunistic infections associated with HIV.
Bacterial Opportunistic Infections
- Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) occurs in the late phase of HIV infection and can infect the upper respiratory, GI tract, or every organ.
- Symptoms of MAC include fever, debility, weight loss, malaise, lymphadenopathy, severe anemia, and splenomegaly.
- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis requires annual PPD testing for HIV patients, and treatment is necessary if the test is positive ( > 5 mm induration).
Protozal Infections
- Pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia causes increased alveolar capillary membrane permeability, leading to degenerative lung cell changes.
- Symptoms include dyspnea, non-productive cough, intermittent fever, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, severe hypoxia, and diffuse bilateral infiltrates.
- TMZ-SMZ (Bactrim) is used prophylactically, but not for patients with a sulfa allergy.
- Pentamidine (Pentam 300) is used to interfere with parasite reproduction, but can cause side effects such as blood dyscrasias, DM, rapid, irregular pulse.
Cryptosporidium
- This infection can be transmitted from animal to human and human to human.
- It affects the small intestine and can cause fever, diarrhea, vomiting, severe watery stools, and cramping.
- Diagnosis is made through stool specimen, and treatment involves pain management and fluid replacement with IV therapy and TPN if necessary.
Toxoplasma Gondii
- This protozoa infects both humans and domestic animals, primarily through ingestion of meats and vegetables.
- It can cause encephalitis in persons with AIDS, with symptoms including headache, confusion, fever, hemiparesis, seizure, and loss of vision.
- Prophylactic drug therapy is used to prevent infection, and treatment may involve anti-viral drugs.
HIV Related Cancer
- Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common malignancy associated with AIDS, occurring in 1-2% of patients.
- It is characterized by irregularly shaped, purple-brown palpable lesions that are usually not painful or pruritic.
Strategies to Facilitate Adherence
- Establishing readiness to start therapy, providing education on medication dosing, and reviewing potential side effects can facilitate adherence.
- Simplifying regimens, dosing, and food requirements can also help.
- Using social networks, engaging family and friends for support, and using a team approach with a trusting healthcare team can also improve adherence.
Health Teaching
- Monitoring and reporting signs and symptoms of infection is crucial.
- Strategies to prevent infection include handwashing, removing fresh plants and flowers, avoiding raw fruits and vegetables, and using a 1:10 solution of house bleach and water for disinfection.
Prevention
- HIV testing is part of routine medical care, and all individuals between 13-64 years should receive testing.
- Primary therapy involves a combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine.
- Adjunctive therapy includes dexamethasone (Decadron) for cerebral inflammation and edema.
Opportunistic Infection- Fungal
- Candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection, often one of the earliest signs of HIV infection.
- Symptoms include glistening white patches on the tongue, oral mucosa, or creamy white vaginal discharges.
- Treatment involves clortrimazole/fluconazole, nystatin suspension (swish and spit QID for 7-10 days).
Cryptococcal Infection
- This infection can manifest as meningitis in AIDS patients, primarily affecting the CNS and lung.
- If untreated, it can cause cerebral edema and coma.
- Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections, but can cause serious side effects.
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Description
Test your knowledge on risks, signs, and symptoms of opportunistic infections associated with HIV, including MAC - Mycobacterium Avium Complex. Learn about patient teaching and more.
