History of Women in Medicine

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Questions and Answers

What career involved hiring someone to nurse children?

Child psychology

Midwifery

Pediatrics

Wet nursing (correct)

What did Galen claim was a natural deficiency in women compared to men?

Lower fertility rates

Inability to produce milk

Failure to generate heat for purification (correct)

Limited maternal instincts

According to Galen's theories, what was incorrectly theorized about the ovaries?

They were essential for male reproduction

One ovary produced males and the other produced females (correct)

Ovaries were not crucial for reproduction

Both ovaries produced only females

What misconception about female and male reproduction was perpetuated by anatomical drawings in the 16th century?

Men's reproductive system is more developed Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of female anatomy did St. Gregory of Nyssa argue was completed by the male?

The completion of the embryo Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest number of legal NRT centres?

India Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries forbids egg donation and surrogacy?

Italy Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of greater public funding for NRTs?

Increased demand for NRTs Signup and view all the answers

Which technique has taken longer to master compared to sperm and embryo freezing?

Egg freezing Signup and view all the answers

What does PGS stand for in reproductive technology?

Preimplantation Genetic Screening Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries has approved mitochondrial DNA donation?

UK Signup and view all the answers

How many European countries allow access to single women for assisted reproductive technologies?

10 Signup and view all the answers

What does PGD diagnose in embryos?

Known genetic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the changes in sexuality during the 1960s before the introduction of the pill?

Women's emancipation and a burgeoning economy Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the Stonewall riot in NYC?

It sparked a movement for gay rights and pride Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about legislation concerning male homosexuality in England from 1533 to 2014?

Male-to-male sexuality was first recognized as a crime and then eventually legalized Signup and view all the answers

What role did access to contraception play in the changes observed in women's participation in the workforce in Canada from 1950 to 2013?

It allowed women to delay childbirth and pursue careers Signup and view all the answers

What was one method through which LGBTQ2S+ individuals initially sought parental rights before legal recognition of same-sex marriage?

Through sham heterosexual marriages Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked a significant moment for the gay rights movement in 2016?

A mass shooting at a gay bar in Orlando Signup and view all the answers

How have fertility clinics adapted to the needs of LGBTQ2S+ families?

By providing access to reproductive technologies for same-sex couples Signup and view all the answers

Despite advancements in legal rights for the LGBTQ2S+ community, what issues still persist?

Harassment and violence against individuals due to their sexuality Signup and view all the answers

What factor greatly contributed to the social acceptance of contraceptives?

They were sold as a medicinal product. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of reproductive technology challenges traditional views of kinship?

It disconnects kinship from physical genealogical relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What significant law did the Italian government implement in mid-October?

A ban on all international surrogacy. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is primarily used for assisted conception in humans?

In vitro fertilization (IVF). Signup and view all the answers

What medical development addresses men's sexual aging?

Nitric oxide medication. Signup and view all the answers

How has the global market for hormone replacement therapy changed recently?

It is projected to grow significantly, surpassing USD 40 billion by 2032. Signup and view all the answers

What revolutionary area did Walter Heape's experiments in the 1890s focus on?

Transferring rabbit embryos. Signup and view all the answers

How did the medical community respond to menopause in recent years?

By medicalizing it and developing treatment for lifestyle concerns. Signup and view all the answers

What role did the pharmaceutical industry play in contraceptive development?

They helped in creating effective hormonal contraceptives. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key advancement in the 1920s related to reproductive technology?

Successful freezing and transportation of cow semen. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant societal impact of marketing Seasonable contraceptives?

Normalizing a menstrual-free lifestyle as convenient. Signup and view all the answers

What does in vitro fertilization primarily involve?

Combining eggs and sperm in a laboratory setting. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the contraceptive pill was marketed to appeal to users?

It can be used for lifestyle preference. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the current trajectory of the global market for contraceptives?

It is growing significantly, reflecting societal changes. Signup and view all the answers

What legal decision did Wade affirm regarding abortion?

It is a woman's right. Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was approved by the FDA for medical abortions in the year 2000?

Mifepristone Signup and view all the answers

What legislative trend occurred in many states from 1970s to 2020 regarding abortion?

Enacting TRAP laws. Signup and view all the answers

What event in 2021 posed a significant threat to Roe v. Wade?

The death of Justice Ruth Ginsburg. Signup and view all the answers

What restriction did certain states implement regarding abortion in 2021-2022?

Limiting abortions to 6 weeks. Signup and view all the answers

As of 2022, what is the number of states that enacted near-total abortion bans following the overturning of Roe v. Wade?

144 states Signup and view all the answers

How has the legal landscape regarding IVF changed after the overturning of Roe v. Wade?

States can now decide when life begins. Signup and view all the answers

What potential future legislation could outlaw IVF?

Life at Conception Act Signup and view all the answers

What was the first country targeted by population control plans from wealthier nations?

India Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in India in 1975 regarding population control?

A massive sterilization campaign. Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon is discussed by Michelle Murphy in relation to population control?

The phantasma of the girl. Signup and view all the answers

How did early family planning advocates perceive reproduction?

A key to poverty alleviation. Signup and view all the answers

What does intra-national reproductive injustice refer to in the US context?

Discriminatory access to health services. Signup and view all the answers

What impact do anti-abortion bills have on reproductive technologies like IVF?

They could outlaw various reproductive technologies. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Offence Against the Person Act of 1861 make illegal for pregnant women in England?

Procuring a miscarriage Signup and view all the answers

Who were the two key women that led the contraception rights movement during the Industrial Revolution?

Marie Stopes and Margaret Sanger Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the implications of the Eugenics Educational Society formed in Britain in 1906?

Advocating for selective breeding based on 'good' genes Signup and view all the answers

What legal measure returned social control over reproductive rights in the US in 2023?

The reversal of Roe v. Wade Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic was notably less represented in the reproductive rights movement during the 1960s?

Black women Signup and view all the answers

What defines 'reproductive justice' compared to 'reproductive rights'?

Emphasis on systemic barriers beyond individual choice Signup and view all the answers

How did the feminist groups in the early 70s respond to the difficulty in accessing safe abortions?

They formed underground networks for support. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is often tied to the reproductive rights of many marginalized communities?

Access to secure and sustainable communities Signup and view all the answers

What consequence did the eugenics movement have in Canadian provinces like Alberta?

Allowing forced sterilizations of 'unfit' individuals Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do Black and Indigenous women often face in reproductive rights discussions?

Lack of concern for their health needs Signup and view all the answers

What did the 1973 Supreme Court ruling on abortion establish for women?

Abortion was recognized as a right of bodily liberty Signup and view all the answers

What societal factor contributed to the push for contraception in the 1900s?

Poverty among the working class and slums Signup and view all the answers

What did the phrase 'reproductive freedom' encompass when discussed in a broader social justice context?

Freedom from forced sterilization and family planning control Signup and view all the answers

What historical trend does the reproductive rights movement share with the civil rights movement?

Both movements arose from a fight against systemic inequality Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reproductive Relations: Historical Context

Reproduction's shift from an individual act to a broader social justice issue, with a focus on access to necessary resources.
Prehistoric understanding and symbolic representation of the feminine divine connected to fertility and growth.
Historical understanding of parenthood and its link to seasonal cycles and reproduction in general.
Societal views on reproduction and the evolution of related practices from ancient to feudal times, with the role of midwives as central to childbirth.
How factors such as religion and medicine impacted the social framework around reproduction.

Reproductive Theories

Prehistoric figures as representations of beliefs about conception and procreation.
Interpretations of the Venus of Willendorf as a symbol of fertility and the cycle of life in prehistoric times.
Ancient Greek and Roman theories on reproduction
Aristotle's impact in understanding human reproduction.
Theories of "heat" in the creation and development of beings throughout different cultures.
Early modern theories encompassing the rejection of mechanistic views of reproduction, the concept of preformation, and the eventual transition to epigenesis.
Theories on human reproduction from ancient times, including the role of "heat" in creation and the impact of cultural norms and practices.

Medicalization of Reproduction and Birth

The evolution of the medical view of reproduction, including the historical role of midwives and the professionalization of physicians.
Historical focus on pregnancy as a vulnerability and the shift in medical perspective towards modern reproductive medicine and its social implications.
Scientific and social advancements in medical approach to reproductive health.
The shift from family to hospital birth settings in the 20th century; its significance in society.
How the medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth has shifted over time, impacting women's experiences, access to healthcare, and societal views.

Reproductive Justice and Rights

The concept of reproductive justice, which expands beyond individual choice to include social, economic, and political factors affecting reproductive health.
Historical context of the reproductive rights movement, emphasizing experiences of women of color and other marginalized populations.
How the legal and social understanding of reproduction and birth rights have evolved over the centuries.
The concept of reproductive justice as an intersectional approach to reproductive health, incorporating factors such as racial equity, economic stability, gender equality.
Legal and social aspects of reproductive choices in relation to different communities; how societies regulate and control reproduction.

New Reproductive Technologies (NRTs)

The emergence of IVF and other NRTs, including their scientific advancements and ethical considerations.
The social implications of NRTs, including implications for family structures, gender roles, and access to reproductive healthcare.
The development and use of NRTs in the context of historical and contemporary reproductive rights and justice discussions.
How social considerations influence the access to NRTs.
The evolution of regulations, ethical debates, and controversies surrounding NRTs as they are being incorporated into healthcare and cultural norms.

Reproduction and Sexuality

The relationship between reproduction and sexuality across different cultures and throughout history.
How cultural and religious norms and views influence the perceptions and management of reproduction and sexuality.
The changing social and legal landscape regarding sexuality and reproductive rights.
How different groups view reproduction; the diverse range of perspectives on these issues.
Understanding historical and cultural disparities affecting reproductive rights and choices.

Reproductive Justice: Intersectionality

The interconnectedness of social issues, like race, class, ability, and gender with reproductive rights.
Impact of structural inequities on access to and quality of reproductive healthcare.
How policies and systems of power affect various groups.
Historical and ongoing challenges and injustices in reproductive health for marginalized groups.
The concept of reproductive justice as a collective affirmation of reproductive rights, including the right to have a child, not have a child, and have children under safe conditions.

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Description

This quiz explores significant historical misconceptions and theories regarding women in medicine and anatomy. It covers topics such as career roles, anatomical misconceptions from historical figures, and the impact of societal beliefs on perceptions of female anatomy. Test your knowledge of these intriguing historical perspectives!