History of the World Wide Web
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary objective Tim Berners-Lee had when inventing the World Wide Web?

  • To create a platform for financial gain
  • To facilitate easy access to information on the internet (correct)
  • To design a proprietary navigation system
  • To restrict information sharing across networks

Which of the following technologies is primarily used for coding webpages?

  • HTML (HyperText Markup Language) (correct)
  • XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
  • CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
  • FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

What communication role does HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) serve in the context of the World Wide Web?

  • It enables web browsers to interact with web servers (correct)
  • It stores webpage files locally
  • It encrypts data sent over networks
  • It is used to code entire websites

What significant change occurred to the World Wide Web by 1991?

<p>It launched with an open-access policy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a lasting impact of the World Wide Web as stated in the text?

<p>It transformed global communication and commerce (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was J.C.R. Licklider's role at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1962?

<p>Head of Information Processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which project did J.C.R. Licklider initiate that laid the groundwork for the modern internet?

<p>The Intergalactic Computer Network (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year marked the establishment of standardized procedures for data transfer between interconnected computers, according to Licklider's contributions?

<p>1978 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the procedures for data transfer become mandatory, solidifying the foundation for the modern internet?

<p>1983 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approximate number of internet users was noted at the time of Licklider's contributions?

<p>4 Billion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key contributions of Tim Berners-Lee in 1989?

<p>He proposed the development of a linked hypertext data system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functionality did the ENQUIRE program developed by Tim Berners-Lee aim to demonstrate?

<p>Storing information and connecting different projects and people. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events occurred in 2004 concerning Tim Berners-Lee?

<p>He received a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Tim Berners-Lee's early life contribute to his future innovations?

<p>His family background in computers influenced his career path. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Tim Berners-Lee's original vision for the World Wide Web?

<p>A multimedia library, workplace, and shopping space accessible via the internet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did Tim Berners-Lee propose the World Wide Web?

<p>1989 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does HTML stand for in the context of web development?

<p>Hypertext Markup Language (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization continues to develop and maintain web standards?

<p>World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event in the evolution of the internet occurred in 1994?

<p>The establishment of the World Wide Web setup (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with being an early champion of computing and contributing to the internet's precursor?

<p>J.C.R. Licklider (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does Tim Berners-Lee emphasize in his quote regarding the World Wide Web?

<p>The need for collaborative contributions to the web (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Tim Berners-Lee pose with the W3C logo, marking a significant moment for the World Wide Web?

<p>1995 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying theme can be derived from Berners-Lee's statement about the future of the web?

<p>It requires ongoing adaptation to meet users' needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution is Eric Kandel known for?

<p>Research on synapses, memory, and learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the W3C represent in relation to the web's development?

<p>An organization promoting the advancement of web standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is likely to be part of the discussions within the W3C framework?

<p>Advancing technologies such as HTML and URIs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals received a Nobel Prize for their research on the ozone layer?

<p>Mario J. Molina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scientists is recognized for their research on telomeres?

<p>Carol Greider (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key achievement of Lap-Chee Tsui?

<p>Found the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Donna Strickland win the Nobel Prize, and what was the main focus of her work?

<p>2018; Development of laser technology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the steady state theory proposed by Fred Hoyle suggest about the universe as it expands?

<p>The average density remains constant as new matter is created. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant contribution did Katherine Johnson make to NASA's space missions?

<p>She calculated trajectories for various space missions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique aspect of chromosomes did Irene Uchida focus on in her research?

<p>The differences in chromosomes related to various genetic conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is notable about Vera Rubin's findings regarding the motion of stars in galaxies?

<p>They contradicted Newton's laws and suggested the presence of dark matter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key theory did Abdus Salam contribute to regarding subatomic particles?

<p>Electroweak theory, unifying weak and electromagnetic forces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which application was not associated with Yvonne Brill's innovations in propulsion systems?

<p>Propulsion systems for manned space missions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of space exploration was most impacted by Katherine Johnson's calculations?

<p>Trajectory planning and flight paths. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Fred Hoyle's phrase 'Big Bang' significant in the context of cosmology?

<p>It characterizes the concept of the universe's explosive origin from a singularity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main focuses of Irene Uchida's research regarding health?

<p>The effects of X-rays on chromosome structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What discovery did Vera Rubin make regarding the rotation rates of galaxies?

<p>Galaxies possess an invisible halo of matter affecting rotation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant theory did Fred Hoyle propose regarding the Universe?

<p>The steady state theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributions is NOT associated with Katherine Johnson?

<p>Inventing propulsion systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Vera Rubin's key finding about stars in spiral galaxies?

<p>Stars orbit outer regions faster than expected under Newtonian gravity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abdus Salam's electroweak theory is significant because it unifies which forces?

<p>Electromagnetic and weak forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Peter Higgs' major theoretical contribution to physics?

<p>Higgs field and Higgs boson (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical impact did Mario J. Molina's research have on environmental policy?

<p>Demonstrating that CFCs destroy the ozone layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accomplishments is Yvonne Brill known for?

<p>Inventing a propulsion system for unmanned spacecraft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the work of Carol Greider?

<p>Research on the enzyme telomerase and its role in cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of Eric Kandel's research?

<p>Understanding synapses' role in memory and learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which important effect of cystic fibrosis did Lap-Chee Tsui establish?

<p>It results in unusually thick mucus affecting the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable achievement is associated with Mae Carol Jemison?

<p>First African American woman in space (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which award did Donna Strickland receive for her work in physics?

<p>Nobel Prize in Physics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Fred Hoyle refer to disparagingly during a radio talk?

<p>The Big Bang theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

World Wide Web inventor

Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web, a system of interconnected documents accessible online.

ENQUIRE program

A computer program developed by Berners-Lee to connect CERN researchers and track their work.

Hypertext data system

A system for organizing and linking different pieces of information into a web-like structure.

HTML, HTTP and Web browser

Essential components of the early web. HTML structures webpages, HTTP handles their transfer, and browsers display them.

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Tim Berners-Lee's Vision

A global information space universally accessible, providing multimedia resources like library, workplace, or shopping.

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World Wide Web (WWW)

A system of interconnected documents and resources accessible via the internet.

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HTML

A language used to create web pages.

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HTTP

A protocol to transfer web pages between computers (browsers and servers).

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Tim Berners-Lee

Creator of the World Wide Web.

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Open Access concept of the WWW

The WWW was designed from the outset to be freely accessible, allowing widespread use and development.

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W3C

The World Wide Web Consortium, an international community dedicated to developing web standards and guidelines.

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Collaborative Web Development

The process of creating and evolving the web through the collective efforts of individuals and organizations.

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Evolving Web Needs

The web changes over time to meet new requirements and address emerging technologies.

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Web Standards

Guidelines and specifications that ensure consistency and compatibility across different websites and devices.

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Web for Everyone

The vision of a web accessible and beneficial to all people, regardless of their location, abilities, or resources.

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J.C.R. Licklider's Role

A key figure and early advocate for advancing computer technology and the internet infrastructure

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ARPANET's Initial Vision

An interconnected computer network for research purposes, initiated by J.C.R. Licklider in 1963

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Standardised Data Transfer

Established protocols and procedures for data transfer between computers by 1978, crucial for a network's function

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Internet Genesis (1983)

Standardised data transfer rules became mandatory in 1983, paving the way for the modern internet

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Licklider's Impact

J.C.R. Licklider's work was foundational to the development of the internet by creating an interconnected computer network for research

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Open Access Web

Berners-Lee chose to make the World Wide Web freely accessible to the public, refusing to patent it. He intended to democratize information and empower people to build their own web presence.

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HTML's Role

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the language used to code the structure of web pages. It defines text, headings, images, and other elements that browsers use to display content.

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HTTP's Function

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) allows web browsers to communicate with web servers. It facilitates the transfer of information across the internet, enabling browsers to access and display web content.

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Early Web Impact

The combination of simple web technologies (HTML, HTTP) with user-friendly browsers led to a rapid surge in internet users. This revolutionized communication, information sharing, and eventually, e-commerce.

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Who Maintains the Web?

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is responsible for developing and maintaining web standards, promoting accessibility, and ensuring a healthy and evolving internet for all.

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What did Eric Kandel win the Nobel Prize for?

He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000 for his work on synapses, memory, and learning.

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What is the Higgs boson?

The Higgs boson is a fundamental particle predicted by Peter Higgs' theory, which explains how particles gain mass.

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CFCs and Ozone Layer

Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland discovered that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroy the protective ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere.

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What disease did Lap-Chee Tsui research?

Lap-Chee Tsui, a Canadian medical geneticist, identified the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder.

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Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA)

Donna Strickland and Gérard Mourou developed the CPA technique, which generates ultra-short and intense laser pulses.

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Fred Hoyle's Contribution

Fred Hoyle proposed that elements in stars are created through nuclear reactions. He also advocated for the steady state theory of the universe, which suggests continuous matter creation to maintain density during expansion.

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Katherine Johnson's Role

Katherine Johnson, a mathematician, was crucial in calculating trajectories for space missions, including the Apollo 11 Moon mission.

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Irene Uchida's Field

Irene Uchida investigated the link between chromosomes and health, focusing on genetic conditions and abnormalities like Down syndrome.

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Yvonne Brill's Invention

Yvonne Brill innovated a propulsion system to keep unmanned spacecraft in a stationary orbit, revolutionizing satellite technology.

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Abdus Salam's Electroweak Theory

Abdus Salam proposed the electroweak theory, unifying the electromagnetic force and weak interaction between subatomic particles.

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Vera Rubin's Discovery

Vera Rubin discovered that stars in the outer parts of spiral galaxies move at similar speeds to those close to the center, contradicting Newton's laws and suggesting a massive invisible halo.

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What is the steady state theory?

The steady state theory proposes that the universe is expanding but maintains a constant average density due to the continuous creation of new matter.

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What are messenger particles in physics?

Messenger particles are hypothetical particles exchanged during interactions between subatomic particles, explaining forces like the weak interaction.

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What is the weak interaction?

The weak interaction is one of the four fundamental forces in physics, responsible for radioactive decay and other phenomena.

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What is the electromagnetic force?

The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces, responsible for interactions involving electrically charged particles.

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Fred Hoyle's Big Bang Use

Fred Hoyle, who championed the Steady State Theory, ironically coined the term "Big Bang" for the opposing theory during a radio broadcast. He used it disparagingly.

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Who proposed the Steady State Theory?

Fred Hoyle proposed the Steady State Theory, which suggested that the Universe maintains a constant average density as it expands, with new matter continuously created.

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Abdus Salam's Contribution

Abdus Salam, a Pakistani physicist, proposed the electroweak theory, which unified the weak interaction between subatomic particles with the electromagnetic force.

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What is Dark Matter?

Dark Matter is a hypothetical form of matter that does not interact with light, but its gravitational influence explains why stars on the outer edges of galaxies move faster than expected.

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Peter Higgs' Theory

Peter Higgs developed a theory explaining the origin of mass for elementary particles. He proposed a field, the Higgs field, that permeates space, with associated particles called Higgs bosons.

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Mario Molina's Research

Mario Molina, a Mexican chemist, showed that CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) destroy the ozone layer, leading to banned or restricted use of CFCs and a Nobel Prize.

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Lap-Chee Tsui's Discovery

Lap-Chee Tsui, a Canadian medical geneticist, identified the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis, a disease characterized by thick mucus accumulation primarily affecting the lungs.

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Donna Strickland's Achievement

Donna Strickland, a Canadian optical physicist, developed a technique called chirped pulse amplification (CPA) with Gérard Mourou, enabling the creation of the shortest and most intense laser pulses.

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Carol Greider's Focus

Carol Greider is an American molecular biologist whose research focuses on telomeres, segments of DNA at chromosome ends that play a role in cell life span, and the enzyme telomerase.

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Mae Jemison's Significance

Mae Carol Jemison achieved historical significance as the first African American woman in space, traveling on the space shuttle Endeavour in 1992.

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Irene Uchida's Discipline

Irene Uchida, a Canadian medical geneticist, investigated how genes and chromosomes affect health, specifically focusing on chromosome differences in various genetic conditions and congenital abnormalities.

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Eric Kandel's Research

Eric Kandel, a Nobel laureate, investigated the role of synapses (nerve junctions) in memory and learning, contributing significantly to our understanding of how the brain processes information.

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