History of the Gregorian Calendar and Union in Britain

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Questions and Answers

What significant change regarding local governance occurred in London by the 13th century?

The King had complete control over the city's governance.

Residents lost the right to elect their mayor.

London became a monarchy within the monarchy.

The city gained a great degree of independence from the King. (correct)

Which role did the religious community predominantly serve in London during the Middle Ages?

Health care and charity provisions. (correct)

Literacy and education for laymen.

Military leaders.

Political advisors to the King.

What was one of the major consequences of the Norman Conquest?

Legal and administrative unification. (correct)

Immediate return to customary laws.

Formation of a common religion across England.

Establishment of the House of Commons.

Which monarch was known for their connections to the story of Robin Hood?

Richard I Lionheart. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Archbishop Thomas Becket and what did he contest?

A church leader asserting the independence of the Church. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event did Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine contribute to?

The expansion of territory and power. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Magna Carta of 1215 primarily establish?

Rights of the English nobility and limits on the King's power. Signup and view all the answers

What process replaced local customary laws after the Norman Conquest?

Common law. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary role of the King's council or Curia Regis during the Norman period?

To manage daily administration, taxes, and provide legal advice Signup and view all the answers

What significant event marked the ultimate defeat of John Lackland?

The Battle of Bouvines Signup and view all the answers

Which privilege was granted to clergymen under the Magna Carta?

Right to appoint church officials without interference Signup and view all the answers

What does Article 39 of the Magna Carta establish for freemen?

Protection against arbitrary arrest and property seizure Signup and view all the answers

How did John Lackland exemplify the tensions between the monarchy and the nobility?

By increasing taxes and leading to baronial opposition and rebellion Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the assembly of noblemen before the establishment of Parliament?

Witenagemot Signup and view all the answers

What principle was emphasized in the Magna Carta regarding the freemen's legal rights?

Lawful judgment by peers or the law of the land Signup and view all the answers

Which social group was specifically mentioned in Section 21 of the Magna Carta concerning amercement?

Magnates (the barons, earls) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Parliament during the time referenced?

To consent on taxation Signup and view all the answers

What did the Act of Succession of 1536 accomplish?

Declared both Mary and Elizabeth as illegitimate Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred within the Church of England by 1547?

The supremacy doctrine prevailed, with the Sovereign as the head Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Edward VI's approach to religion?

He pursued a radically protestant policy Signup and view all the answers

What action did Mary I take regarding the Church upon her ascension?

Abrogated the doctrine of Supremacy enacted under Henry VIII Signup and view all the answers

How did the Church of England's governance remain consistent with its Catholic roots in 1547?

By preserving episcopacy and a hierarchy of bishops Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the heresy laws reenacted during Mary I's reign?

The execution of Protestant martyrs Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked a shift towards Protestantism during Edward VI's reign?

The dissolution of the monasteries Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the Provisions of Oxford issued in 1258?

It required three sessions of Parliament a year. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Model Parliament of 1295?

It consisted of both clergy and commoners. Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in the structure of Parliament during the 14th century?

It transitioned to a bicameral system. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the 'common counsel of the kingdom' during the early Parliament?

To assess taxes and scutage as summoned by the king. Signup and view all the answers

Who summoned the parliament that led to the Provisions of Oxford?

Simon de Montfort Signup and view all the answers

What law did Parliament pass in 1429 regarding voting rights?

Only property owners with a minimum worth of 40 shillings could vote. Signup and view all the answers

Which two groups made up the assembly in the Model Parliament?

Lords and Commons Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the implications of Edward I's quote about the Model Parliament?

It highlighted the collective decision-making for common issues. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Puritans during Elizabeth I's reign?

To reform the Church of England Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in Scotland in 1567 involving Mary Queen of Scots?

She was deposed by her Protestant subjects Signup and view all the answers

Which religious factions emerged during Elizabeth I's reign?

Catholics and Puritans Signup and view all the answers

What role did the archbishop of Canterbury play during this period?

He was the most important religious leader in England Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the Church of England did the Puritans particularly target for reform?

The education and benefices of the clergy Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the religious tensions during Elizabeth I's reign?

Fines and imprisonment for many individuals Signup and view all the answers

How did James VI of Scotland relate to the Protestant religion?

He was raised in the Protestant religion Signup and view all the answers

Which title best describes James VI of Scotland and I of England?

The Philosopher King Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary military force for Parliament during the Civil War?

New Model Army Signup and view all the answers

Which group was primarily composed of the aristocracy and landowning gentry during the Civil War?

Royalists Signup and view all the answers

What key battle marked a decisive victory for the Parliamentary Camp?

Battle of Naseby Signup and view all the answers

Which consequence followed the victory of the Parliamentary forces in the Civil War?

Execution of Charles I Signup and view all the answers

What did the members of the Rump Parliament refer to themselves as in relation to the King?

Tyrannicides Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reforms was NOT voted on by the Parliamentarians following the Civil War?

Implementation of a new monarchy Signup and view all the answers

Which area was predominantly aligned with the Royalists during the Civil War?

North and West Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant debate regarding the execution of the King characterized by?

Whether it constituted regicide or tyrannicide Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Vocabulary

c. = Circa (Means around that time period)

Summary

16th century: Shift from Julian calendar to Gregorian calendar, aligning with astronomical/solar calendar.
Protestant countries adopted it later (1752 in Britain).
Britain's influence led to its adoption throughout nearby countries.
Political union developed gradually over the centuries.

Introduction

16th century: Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar, aligning it more closely with the astronomical solar calendar.
Early adoption wasn't universal across Protestant countries, with Britain adopting it in 1752.
Britain's size and ongoing influence led to its adoption in surrounding countries across the centuries.
A political union of separate entities like England and Wales gradually emerged over time.

History of the Union

16th century: Wales incorporated into England.
1707: First Act of Union established parliamentary union between England, Wales.

Prehistoric Britain

5000 B.C.: Newgrange
4000 B.C.: Stone-age hunters
2500 B.C.: Stonehenge
1200 B.C.: Evidence of prehistoric settlements north and south of the River
1108 B.C.: Mythical founding of London by Brute

Britain in the Roman Era (43-400 AD)

55 & 54 B.C.: Caesar's first attempts to conquer the island were unsuccessful.
41-54 AD: Emperor Claudius successfully conquered lowland England and Wales.
31-60 AD: Boudicca's Iceni tribe resisted Roman invasion.
78 AD: Pax Romana (Roman peace) established over all of England and Wales
Roman influence extended as far as the Scottish lowlands.
122 AD: Construction of Hadrian's wall marked the northern boundary of Roman Britain.

Roman City: Londinium

1st century AD: Londinium becomes an important center for commerce.
3rd Century AD: City walls established for defense.
Archaeological discoveries included a forum, basilica, and market place.
Londinium's location by the river Thames was strategically important for its development.

Anglo-Saxon Britain (400-1066)

5th-7th centuries: Jutes, Angles, and Saxons migrated to Britain.
8th Century: Magyars, Arabs, and Vikings arrived.
7th-century: evidence in 'The Venerable Bede' confirms London as an important region/metropolis.
Early 9th Century: England united under the 'Heptarchy' (seven kingdoms).
849-899: King Alfred led unification efforts in Wessex and fighting against the Danes.
Anglo-Saxon institutions: Witenagemot (assembly of noble lords) and Moots (local assemblies).
Danelaw: territory in Britain under Scandinavian law administered by Danish laws.

Norman Conquest (1066)

1066: William of Normandy defeats Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings.
William consolidates his dominion over England through administrative rule and taxation.
Domesday Book (1086): a record of all properties (lands) in England.
Feudal system emerged and established.

The Feudal System

Hierarchical social structure: Individuals were bound by reciprocal duties to each other.
Peasants (villains) owed loyalty to their lord.
Lords were tenants to the king, maintaining a hierarchical power structure from peasant to higher-level nobility to the king.

Legal Reforms

The development of common law.
Shire courts acted as major civil and criminal courts, often overruling local manorial courts.

Religious Developments

1066: King William secures England to the Christian faith.
Religious presence, monasteries, played important roles in London & Britain for centuries.
1536: English monasteries dissolve.
1534: Act of Supremacy formally made the Monarch the supreme head of the English Church.

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Description

Explore the historical transition from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar in Britain during the 16th century. This quiz also covers the evolution of political union between England and Wales, leading to the establishment of the first Act of Union in 1707. Test your knowledge on these significant events and their implications in British history.