History of the Cordillera Region

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA)?

To facilitate the assimilation of Indigenous groups into mainstream society

To provide legal protection and recognition for Indigenous land rights (correct)

To regulate the economic activities of Indigenous peoples

To promote tourism in Indigenous communities

What were the administrative divisions re-established in the region in 1995?

The unification of mountain provinces

The separation of Benguet and abra

The creation of a chartered city

The splitting of Kalinga and Apayao (correct)

Which administrative order recognized ancestral land claims before the IPRA was enacted?

DENR Administrative Order No. 3

DENR Administrative Order No. 2 (correct)

DENR Administrative Order No. 4

DENR Administrative Order No. 1

How have the IPRA and other initiatives influenced ethnic identities among Indigenous groups?

By encouraging registration and assertions of ethnic identities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following certificates does the IPRA provide for ancestral land rights?

Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic group was excluded from the 1990 national census?

I’wak Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred by 2000 regarding Indigenous ethnic groups?

New groups started to ask for recognition Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the differentiation among Indigenous groups highlighted in the passage?

Kalanguya people distinguishing themselves from other groups Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for using the term 'Igorot' in speeches and communications?

To invoke the stereotype of a warrior spirit. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the assassination of Macliing Dulag have on the opposition to the projects?

It increased support for the opposition, including international groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a significant outcome of the projects in relation to community unity?

It fostered disunity and conflict among affected communities. Signup and view all the answers

What shared experience motivated the Igorots to seek autonomy?

A shared history of resistance to colonialism. Signup and view all the answers

What was a major criticism regarding the treatment of national minorities in relation to their territories?

Their territories were viewed merely as resource bases for the majority. Signup and view all the answers

What did the term 'Kaigorotan' signify?

An inclusive name for the entire Igorot population. Signup and view all the answers

What significant development occurred as a result of community opposition to the projects?

Increased awareness and advocacy for minority rights. Signup and view all the answers

What lesson was learned from the two projects regarding consultation and consent?

There was a need for serious consultation and consent for minority projects. Signup and view all the answers

What office did the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) establish to oversee the affairs of Indigenous Peoples?

National Commission for Indigenous People Signup and view all the answers

Which groups have asserted their identities separate from the Igorot label?

Sadanga, Baliwon, and Majukayang Signup and view all the answers

What has been a contested aspect of identity in the region despite the diversification of ethnic groups?

The usage of the name 'Igorot' Signup and view all the answers

How do more groups in Abra, such as Adasen and Masadiit, distinguish themselves?

Through the assertion of distinct ethnic identities Signup and view all the answers

Beyond ethnic identities, how else are people in the region identified?

By provincial and municipal affiliation Signup and view all the answers

What is occasionally used in campaigns for autonomy for the people of the region?

Cordilleran Signup and view all the answers

What is a key purpose of the National Commission for Indigenous People (NCIP)?

To oversee the affairs of Indigenous Peoples Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a common misconception about Indigenous identities in the region?

All groups identify solely as Igorot. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ethnic Identity and Assertion

The Sadanga, Baliwon, and Majukayang have established themselves as distinct ethnic groups, separating from the Bontok identity.
Various groups in Abra, like Adasen, Maeng, Masadiit, Banao, and Inlaud, have declared their unique identities, challenging the broader Tingguian label.

Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA)

IPRA, enacted in 1997, is a landmark law aimed at protecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples, especially regarding land ownership.
Prior to IPRA, ancestral land claims were recognized through the DENR Administrative Order No. 2 (DAO 2) in 1992.
IPRA provided mechanisms for land ownership through Certificates of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) and Certificates of Ancestral Land Title (CALT).

Recognition of Ethnic Groups

The national census in 1990 overlooked specific groups such as the I’wak, Ikalahan, and Balangao; however, by 2000, they gained formal recognition.
NCIP changed its listings from 12 to 14 major ethnolinguistic groups, with ongoing disputes for recognition among different groups.
Kalanguya people successfully differentiated themselves from the Ikalahan, leading to a unified identity during the 1990s.

Historical Context of Igorot Identity

The term "Igorot" evokes stereotypes linked to traditional practices and resistance to colonialism.
The identity has been revitalized by community opposition to external projects, reinforcing a collective resistance narrative.
Advocacy led to the term "Kaigorotan," representing the entire Igorot population, highlighting shared history and culture.

Resistance and Opposition

Resistance against development projects in the 1980s fostered unity among Cordillera communities, linking Tingguians with residents of Mountain Province and Kalinga.
Activism intensified following the assassination of Kalinga leader Macliing Dulag in 1980, which catalyzed further support against government projects.
The CRC operation was halted in 1984 due to growing domestic and international advocacy for Indigenous rights.

Pursuit of Regional Autonomy

The treatment of national minorities as mere resources sparked a desire for autonomy among highlanders, paralleling historical resistance to colonial forces.
Activists in the 1980s began pushing for an autonomous Cordillera region, driven by shared cultural identity and historical grievances.

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Description

This quiz explores the historical and cultural significance of the Cordillera region, including provinces like Benguet and Ifugao. It examines the ethnic and administrative changes since the early 1900s and the reconnection of communities in the 1970s and 1980s. Test your knowledge on these important events and divisions in the region's history.