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After losing the Seven Years’ War, France ceded its Canadian colony to ______ to secure the return of its Caribbean colonies.
After losing the Seven Years’ War, France ceded its Canadian colony to ______ to secure the return of its Caribbean colonies.
Britain
This left many Indians no choice but to turn to the British government to help them resist the aggressive advances of ______.
This left many Indians no choice but to turn to the British government to help them resist the aggressive advances of ______.
colonists
British officials made some concessions to Indian interests, but they lacked the ______ or financial strength to enforce them.
British officials made some concessions to Indian interests, but they lacked the ______ or financial strength to enforce them.
troops
Despite tensions, Britain stood supreme in the Atlantic world in the mid-______, with its greatest foes defeated.
Despite tensions, Britain stood supreme in the Atlantic world in the mid-______, with its greatest foes defeated.
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Political revolution in North America seemed unimaginable, yet a decade later, that is what ______.
Political revolution in North America seemed unimaginable, yet a decade later, that is what ______.
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The spark for revolution came from the government of King ______, which insisted that colonists contribute to the crown.
The spark for revolution came from the government of King ______, which insisted that colonists contribute to the crown.
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The French Declaration of the Rights of Man was more ______ than the American Declaration of Independence.
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man was more ______ than the American Declaration of Independence.
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The king’s officials imposed ______ on a variety of commodities to generate revenue for the crown.
The king’s officials imposed ______ on a variety of commodities to generate revenue for the crown.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was established in ______.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was established in ______.
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Colonists sought to evade mercantilist restrictions on ______.
Colonists sought to evade mercantilist restrictions on ______.
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The principle of all sovereignty rests essentially in the ______.
The principle of all sovereignty rests essentially in the ______.
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Both declarations aimed to end ______ and aristocratic rule in Europe.
Both declarations aimed to end ______ and aristocratic rule in Europe.
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Women in 1791 demanded the right to bear ______ to defend the revolution.
Women in 1791 demanded the right to bear ______ to defend the revolution.
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The ______ Revolution linked the idea of a people with a nation more closely.
The ______ Revolution linked the idea of a people with a nation more closely.
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The French declaration guaranteed all citizens inviolable ______.
The French declaration guaranteed all citizens inviolable ______.
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Social relations changed as women felt the new principles of citizenship should include ______ rights.
Social relations changed as women felt the new principles of citizenship should include ______ rights.
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An army of 40,000 to 60,000 Andean Indians besieged the ancient capital of ______.
An army of 40,000 to 60,000 Andean Indians besieged the ancient capital of ______.
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After this uprising, Iberian American elites renewed their loyalty to the Spanish or Portuguese ______.
After this uprising, Iberian American elites renewed their loyalty to the Spanish or Portuguese ______.
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The ties between Spain and Portugal and their American colonies were shattered by the French Revolution and ______.
The ties between Spain and Portugal and their American colonies were shattered by the French Revolution and ______.
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In 1807, French troops stormed ______, the capital of Portugal.
In 1807, French troops stormed ______, the capital of Portugal.
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The Portuguese royal family fled to ______ before the French troops arrived.
The Portuguese royal family fled to ______ before the French troops arrived.
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While in Brazil, the royals enacted reforms in administration, agriculture, and ______.
While in Brazil, the royals enacted reforms in administration, agriculture, and ______.
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Brazil became the center of the ______ Empire after the royal family's arrival.
Brazil became the center of the ______ Empire after the royal family's arrival.
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Brazil's path to independence saw little political turmoil and no ______ revolution.
Brazil's path to independence saw little political turmoil and no ______ revolution.
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After Napoleon’s defeat, locally born ______ resented the reinstatement of peninsulares as colonial officials.
After Napoleon’s defeat, locally born ______ resented the reinstatement of peninsulares as colonial officials.
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The creoles were inspired by Enlightenment ______ and wanted to challenge Iberian authority.
The creoles were inspired by Enlightenment ______ and wanted to challenge Iberian authority.
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Mexican generals, with the support of the creoles, proclaimed Mexican ______ in 1821.
Mexican generals, with the support of the creoles, proclaimed Mexican ______ in 1821.
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Unlike the situation in Brazil, Mexican secession did not lead to ______.
Unlike the situation in Brazil, Mexican secession did not lead to ______.
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The loosening of Spain’s grip on its colonies was more prolonged and ______ than Britain’s separation from its American colonies.
The loosening of Spain’s grip on its colonies was more prolonged and ______ than Britain’s separation from its American colonies.
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Venezuela’s Simón Bolívar was educated on Enlightenment ______.
Venezuela’s Simón Bolívar was educated on Enlightenment ______.
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Simón Bolívar dreamed of a land governed by ______.
Simón Bolívar dreamed of a land governed by ______.
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Bolívar revered Napoleonic France as a model state built on military ______ and constitutional proclamations.
Bolívar revered Napoleonic France as a model state built on military ______ and constitutional proclamations.
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The Argentine leader General José de San Martín was active during the years ______.
The Argentine leader General José de San Martín was active during the years ______.
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Bolívar and San Martín led wars of independence against ______ armies.
Bolívar and San Martín led wars of independence against ______ armies.
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The struggle for independence escalated into a ______ struggle among various social groups.
The struggle for independence escalated into a ______ struggle among various social groups.
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Indians, mestizos, slaves, and whites participated in the fight against Spanish ______.
Indians, mestizos, slaves, and whites participated in the fight against Spanish ______.
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Rural folk battled against ______ creoles during the wars of independence.
Rural folk battled against ______ creoles during the wars of independence.
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By the 1820s, popular armies had defeated Spanish forces and fought ______ wars.
By the 1820s, popular armies had defeated Spanish forces and fought ______ wars.
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The overthrowing of slavery and colonial domination did not necessarily halt ______ degradation.
The overthrowing of slavery and colonial domination did not necessarily halt ______ degradation.
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The events in South America between 1810 and 1824 can be described as a ______ revolution.
The events in South America between 1810 and 1824 can be described as a ______ revolution.
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Haiti was known as ______ during French colonial rule.
Haiti was known as ______ during French colonial rule.
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The wealthy planter class in Haiti had to replenish their labor supplies from ______.
The wealthy planter class in Haiti had to replenish their labor supplies from ______.
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Sugar from large plantations in Haiti made it the richest colony in the ______.
Sugar from large plantations in Haiti made it the richest colony in the ______.
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Slaves working on sugarcane plantations faced especially harsh labor in the ______ sun.
Slaves working on sugarcane plantations faced especially harsh labor in the ______ sun.
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The average life span of a slave in Haiti was only ______ years.
The average life span of a slave in Haiti was only ______ years.
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Owners of sugarcane plantations relied almost exclusively on ______ slaves to produce sugar.
Owners of sugarcane plantations relied almost exclusively on ______ slaves to produce sugar.
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These notorious sugar plantations contributed to significant ______ problems after independence.
These notorious sugar plantations contributed to significant ______ problems after independence.
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Haiti and Brazil experienced aggravated environmental problems following their transition to ______.
Haiti and Brazil experienced aggravated environmental problems following their transition to ______.
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Study Notes
Political Reorderings
- Enlightenment ideas spread across the Atlantic world in the late 18th century, influencing revolutions.
- Revolutions in the Americas led to independence from European powers (and, in Greece, the Ottoman Empire) in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
- Enlightenment thinkers and the French Revolution inspired colonies to gain independence.
- Independence movements emphasized freedom, liberty, and equality.
The North American War of Independence (1776-1783)
- Britain's North American colonies grew in population and prosperity during the mid-18th century.
- Colonial cities like Charleston, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston were hubs for trade and commerce.
- Land disputes arose between colonists and Native American groups, and between planters and farmers.
- The French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) left Britain with significant debt and led to increased taxes on the colonies.
- Colonists protested lack of representation in British Parliament.
- The Boston Massacre and other events fueled resistance against British policies.
- Events such as the Boston Massacre galvanized public opinion, and revolutionary sentiment grew.
- Thomas Paine's pamphlet, "Common Sense," advocated for independence.
The French Revolution (1789-1799)
- The French king's financial crisis led to the convening of the Estates-General.
- Disagreements about voting procedures triggered a revolution.
- The storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) marked a critical point.
- The French National Assembly abolished feudal privileges and proclaimed a new era of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
- The French Revolution inspired other revolutionary movements across the globe.
- A Reign of Terror followed, with mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution (many were peasants, tradespeople, etc.).
The Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)
- Napoleon Bonaparte seized power through a coup d'état.
- Napoleon created the Napoleonic Code, a comprehensive system of laws.
- Napoleon attempted to build a vast European empire.
- French rule often met resistance in various territories.
- The Napoleonic Wars led to significant redrawing of the European map.
- Napoleon's invasion of Russia was unsuccessful, and he was eventually defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.
Revolutions in Spanish and Portuguese America
- Enlightenment ideas influenced independence movements.
- Andean Indians rebelled against Spanish rule.
- Spanish colonies fought for independence.
- Colonial elites often wanted to maintain their privileges.
- The Napoleonic wars weakened Spanish and Portuguese rule, creating opportunities for independence movements.
- Social struggles like those between different ethnic groups, or creoles/peninsulares, prolonged the revolutionary process.
Revolution in Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
- Enslaved people rose up against French planters.
- French colonists fought for self-government, while slaves fought for freedom and an end to racial discrimination.
- Enlightenment ideals inspired abolitionist sentiments among enslaved and free people of color.
- Saint-Domingue declared independence-later called Haiti-in 1804.
Current Trends in World History (Haiti and Brazil)
- Independence movements were accompanied by environmental degradation.
- Sugarcane and coffee production in Haiti and Brazil led to deforestation and soil erosion.
Latin American Nation Building
- Difficulties in establishing stable nation-states in many Latin American countries.
- Local interests and conflicts often hampered efforts toward national unity.
- Many countries experienced civil wars and political instability in the years following independence.
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Description
This quiz covers key events leading up to the American Revolution, focusing on the aftermath of the Seven Years’ War, colonial relations with Britain, and the influence of the French Declaration. Test your knowledge on the pivotal moments that ignited a political revolution in North America.
