History of Psychology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Who established the first experimental psychology laboratory?

Charles Spearman

James McKeen Cattell

G. Stanley Hall

Wilhelm Max Wundt (correct)

What psychological school of thought was established by Wilhelm Max Wundt?

Psychoanalysis

Structuralism (correct)

Behaviorism

Functionalism

Which term was coined by James McKeen Cattell?

Empathy

Mental test (correct)

Reaction time

Attention span

Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association (APA)?

G. Stanley Hall (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following publication years is associated with Alfred Binet's arguments for measuring abilities such as memory?

1895 (A) Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the concept of test reliability?

Charles Spearman (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which word was coined as a translation of the German word 'Einfühlung'?

Empathy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Psychological Corporation founded by Cattell?

Advance psychology and its applications (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical analysis type is primarily focused on summarizing and describing data?

Descriptive Statistics (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a normal distribution?

It has a single peak at the center. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following visual representations is NOT typically used for qualitative variables?

Histograms (A) Signup and view all the answers

In sampling techniques, which method involves random selection?

Probability Sampling (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of distribution is characterized by one tail being disproportionately longer than the other?

Skewed Distribution (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'skewness' refer to in a distribution?

The length of the tails relative to one another (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to compare distributions through graphical representation?

Bar Charts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of statistical analysis allows for conclusions and generalizations to be drawn from a sample?

Inferential Statistics (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a trait?

A distinguishable way in which one individual varies from another. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is used to calculate the interquartile range (IQR)?

75th Percentile - 25th Percentile (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does variance measure in data distribution?

The average squared difference of the scores from the mean. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does standard deviation represent?

The square root of the variance. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which assumption implies that psychological traits can be quantified?

Traits and states can be qualified and measured. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a psychological test?

To infer future behavior from test-related behavior. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What describes overt behavior?

Observable actions or responses related to tests or assessments. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding psychological traits versus states?

Both traits and states can vary and be measured. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of variance in the context of test scores?

To describe sources of test score variability (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does a percentile indicate in the context of test scoring?

The percentage of people scoring below a certain raw score (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of variance refers to differences that are irrelevant to the measure being assessed?

Error Variance (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is reliability defined in the context of test scores?

The proportion of total variance attributed to true variance (C) Signup and view all the answers

What do Age Norms indicate in psychological assessment?

The average performance of different age groups on tests (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of error is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in measurement?

Random Error (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Percentage Correct' refer to in a testing scenario?

The ratio of items answered correctly to total items (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Sampling in the context of research?

The process of selecting a representative portion of the population (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'norming' refer to in the context of testing and assessment?

The process of deriving norms from test performance data. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'National Norms'?

Norms derived from a nationally representative sample. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Reliability Coefficient' indicate?

An index of reliability representing the ratio of consistency. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which assumption directly addresses fairness in testing and assessment?

Assumption 6 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'User Norms' as defined in the assessment context?

Statistics obtained from formal sampling methods based on a specific user group. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding 'Race Norming'?

It is a controversial method of norming based on race and ethnic background. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of test standardization?

To establish norms by administering a test to a representative sample. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why might fairness-related questions arise despite the effort to create unbiased tests?

Developers may overlook specific population needs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Spearman-Brown formula?

To calculate correlation between scores from two halves of a test (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does systematic error refer to in the context of measurement?

An error that is consistent and proportional to the true value (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which method is often used to estimate internal consistency of a test?

Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does a high inter-item consistency indicate?

Items are unifactorial and measure the same construct (B) Signup and view all the answers

Regarding reliability estimates, what does the term 'Coefficient of Stability' refer to?

The time elapsed between two test administrations (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of test construction, what does heterogeneity imply?

A test measures multiple factors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Split-Half reliability approach?

It assesses the reliability using different halves of a single test (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20)?

It estimates the reliability of a test with dichotomous items (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychological Assessment - Midterms

Psychological testing involves the gathering and integration of psychology-related data to make a psychological evaluation. It uses tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and other assessment tools.
Psychological testing is the process of measuring psychology-related variables using devices or procedures to get a sample of behavior.
Educational assessment uses tests to evaluate abilities and skills in a school or pre-school context, e.g., intelligence tests, achievement tests, and reading comprehension tests.
Retrospective assessment uses tools to assess a person's psychological state from points before the current evaluation.
Remote assessment uses psychological evaluation tools to assess a subject not physically present.
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is evaluating specific problems and related cognitive/behavioral variables in real-time.
The assessment process includes referral, initial contact, tool selection, formal assessment, report writing, and feedback sessions.
Collaborative psychological testing involves the assessor and assessee as partners throughout the assessment process.
Collaborative psychological testing employs a therapeutic assessment approach to promote self-discovery and understanding.
Dynamic assessment uses models of evaluation, intervention, and evaluation.
Psychological tests are designed to measure intelligence, personality, aptitude, interests, attitudes, or values.
Psychological assessment tools vary by content, format, administration procedures, scoring, interpretation, and technical quality.
Psychological assessment involves scoring, a code or summary (usually numerical) to evaluate performance on tests, tasks, interviews, or other samples of behavior.
Cut scores (cutoff scores) are reference points (usually numerical) that classify data points into categories (e.g., passing/failing).
Psychometrics is the science of psychological measurement.
A comprehensive assessment requires many data sources for accurate results due to the complex nature of psychological assessment.
A portfolio is work, produced in various mediums (e.g., paper, canvas, film, video, audio), used in assessment.
Case history data preserves archival information (e.g., records, transcripts, pictorial data).
A behavioral observation involves monitoring actions through visual/electronic means to record information. Role-play tests involve acting in simulated situations to assess how the participant acts.

Statistics Refresher

Statistics are used to analyze, interpret, display, and make decisions based on data. They play a crucial role in behavioral science for communicating scientific findings and providing credibility to analyses.
Data is a set of qualitative and/or quantitative values, made up of variables. Variables can be measured and can change between individuals and in individuals over time.
Independent variables are variables controlled by the researcher, while dependent variables are those measured to determine the impact of the independent variable in the study.
Qualitative variables reflect qualities that lack numerical ordering (e.g., religion, gender). Quantitative variables are measured numerically (e.g., test scores, height). Discrete variables have specific values (e,g., test scores.)

Validity and Reliability

Reliability refers to the consistency of a test, instrument, or measure, e.g., if a test is reliable, it should produce consistent results. Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for a good test.
Validity refers to the accuracy of a test, instrument, or measure (whether it measures what is supposed to), e.g., if a test has high validity, it accurately measures the concept it intends to assess.
Validity and reliability are important concepts in assessment.

Psychological Assessment - Midterms - Chapter 3

This chapter addresses the significance of different measures of variability, including the range (highest score minus lowest score), variance, and standard deviation.
It also covers the description of the relationship between scores and distributions: the ways scores fall along the bell curve, and the types of distributions (symmetrical, skewed positive, and skewed negative)
The chapter discusses different measures of central tendency: mean (average), median (middle score), and mode (most frequent score).
The chapter also clarifies the meaning of the concept of kurtosis.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the foundational figures and concepts in psychology with this quiz. Explore the key contributions of pioneers like Wilhelm Wundt and Alfred Binet. Challenge yourself to answer questions about the establishment of psychological schools and measurement techniques.