History of Policing

Policing History

• Policing history is as old as organized society
• Early communities handled protection as a community affair
• Policing's development is associated with population congestion
• Cave dwellers had to follow rules or face banishment/death
• Prehistoric social order consisted of small family groups as tribes
• Crime was handled by the victim's family

Modern Policing

• The modern policing system emerged when the parliament of England passed a bill creating Scotland Yard.

Policing in the Philippines (Spanish Regime)

• Policing was part of the military system
• Maintaining peace was the purpose, commanded by the military government
• Police functions at the time included suppressing brigandage, detecting uprisings, and enforcing tax collection

Spanish Regime Police Forces

• Carbeniros de Seguridad Publico (Mounted Police) was Organized in 1712 to carry out Spanish policies
• Carabeniros were armed and served as port, harbor, and river police
• Guardrilleros were rural police organized in each town, created in 1836 by Royal Decree
• The Guardrilleros force was composed of 5% of male inhabitants serving for 3 years
• Guardia Civil was created in 1852 by Royal Decree to relieve Spanish troops of policing duties
• It consisted of Filipinos in provincial capitals of Luzon, commanded by the Governor

Japanese Occupation

• "Kempetai" (Japanese military police) maintained peace and order in Manila
• The Manila Police was renamed Metropelen Constabulary under the Bureau of Constabulary
• Kempetai ruled urban areas until Gen. Douglas McArthur returned on February 7, 1945

Post-World War II Period

• The first American Occupation was after the Filipino-American War (1898-1901)
• The period had political ferment and social imbalance

Post-WWII Police Forces

• An Insular Police Force was established on November 30, 1890, during the Filipino-American War
• Another Insular Police Force was created on July 18, 1901, by virtue of Act #175
• Manila Police Department was organized on July 31, 1901, by Act #183 of the Philippine Commission, Capt. George Curry was the first chief

Philippine Constabulary

• The Philippine Constabulary (PC) was established on October 3, 1901, by virtue of Act #255, Capt. Henry T. Allen was the first chief, mostly Filipinos, officers were mostly American

Revised Administrative Code of 1917

• Section 825 stated that the Philippine Constabulary is a national police institution, for preserving peace, keeping order and enforcing the law.

Bureau of Investigation

• Act #181 required the creation of a Bureau of Investigation in November 1938
• The agency was a modification of the Division of Investigation (DI) from the Department of Justice
• RA 157 was enacted on June 19, 1947, to create the National Bureau of Investigation

Community Group Services' Roles

The business and industrial associations as well as the civic and professional organizations influence people's lives in terms of

• Providing employment, skill training to inmates
• Establishing a nationwide program against crime
• Setting up neighborhood associations for crime prevention
• Establishing programs in depressed areas for the improvement of the physical and mental health of the underprivileged, so they may participate with their community.

Community in the Criminal Justice System

• Law Enforcement pillar to maximize participation level
• The law enforcement subsystem is the visible and has the greatest membership
• The NOTE states increased security in busy streets, high traffic and insurgencies

Police Community Relations

• Good police-community relations develop trust, and are imperative for effective law enforcement
• Without this trust, police work becomes less effective

Family Importance

• A family provides love, support, values, personal growth, and works together to overcome struggles

Society vs. Community

• Society: Interactions with varied people, a group with a common territory and culture
• Community: A group of people living in the same place or having similar interests, residing in one geographic place.

Community Agencies Comprising the Pillar

• Department of the Interior and Local Government
• Department of Social Welfare and Development
• Department of Justice
• Department of National Defense
• Department of Health
• Department of Labor and Employment
• National Economic and Development Authority
• Philippine National Police
• Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
• Philippine Public Safety College
• Other Government offices to promote public safety and socioeconomic welfare

Witness Rights and Benefits (RA 6981)

• Secure housing facilities
• Assistance to obtain livelihood
• Equivalent salary if terminated to witness duty
• Reasonable traveling allowance
• Medical treatment, hospitalization, and medicine
• Burial benefits of ₱10,000 if killed to witness duty
• Free education for children from primary to college if death or permanent incapacity

Admittance to the Witness Protection Program

• Any person with knowledge of a crime who has testified, is testing, or willing to testify
• A witness in a congressional investigation, upon legislative committee recommendation and approval
• A witness who participated in the crime and wants to be a State witness
• An accused discharged from an information/criminal complaint, to become a State witness

Witness Protection Program (WPP)

• A program under RA 6981 to encourage people to testify by protecting them from reprisals and economic dislocation
• security, safety and health for the witness and families

Citizen's Arrest (Private Arrest)

A warrantless arrest is lawful when:

• A person has committed, is committing, or is trying to perpetrate an offense
• In flagrante delicto rule- in the very act of committing a misdeed

"Hot Pursuit" Rule

• A "hot pursuit" arrest rule: when an offense has just been committed, and the arresting individual has probable cause had committed it
• A prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment
• The tenets of Philippine Rules of Court, Rule 113, Section 5 are clear

Non-institutional Corrections

• Offenders go to reformation and treatment outside correctional facilities
• Community-based alternatives do not include pre-trial diversions or case disposition under the barangay justice system

Non-Institutional Corrections in the Philippines

• the the court grants to convicted and allows to remain with community instead of imprisonment
• The Probation Law of 1976 recognizes this trend

Strengthening of Coordinative Mechanisms with Non-Government Organizations

• Coordinate correctional agencies with government and nongovernment organizations like Episcopal Commission for Prisoners Welfare, CARITAS, and the National Manpower and Youth Council (NMYC) to provide Ilvelihood projects and community programs for Inmates
• NGO coordination mechanisms exist at global and field level

Community Involvement in Corrections in the Philippines

• Parole and Probation Volunteer Aides is a disposition that permits a convicted offender to serve sentence in a community and outside prison, but under supervision

Correctional System

• limit length of incarceration
• The Philippines also uses: absolute pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentences, amnesty, parole, and good conduct allowances
• Correctional facility rules are to allow prisoners to develop relationships

Bureau of Corrections

• Intensified livelihood training programs for prisoners through enhanced Agro-Livestock Productivity Program
• Religious, recreational, educational and training programs by NGOs
• The Bureau of Corrections is mandated to safekeep and effective rehabilitates national prisoners

Court Symposium

• Enhance the public's understanding of the administration of justice
• Take fundamental strides in the preparation of an Action Program for Judicial Reform

Courts as System

• attempt to be as non-punitive as possible. Includes: continued good conduct, adequate support of families and steady employment
• Projects were initiated to make citizens aware of the operations of the judiciary.

Supreme Court of the Philippines

• It also has the power to create rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights
• concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, procedure in all courts, the admission to the practice of law, the Integrated bar, and legal assistance to the underprivileged

DIAPs Training Program

• Training Program of Non-Chemists In Dangerous Drugs Identification is a project, spearheaded by the Prosecution Pillar
• Graduates of Program called Drug Identification Accredited Professionals (DIAPs)
• DIAP is allowed to stand as expert witness in drug related cases

PROLECCS

• One project contained in the Master Plan of Action for Peace and Order is the maintenance of the prosecution, law enforcement and community coordinating service (PROLECCS)
• Police conduct investigations to give justice to suspects. Prosecutors check police investigations

WPSBP RA 6981

• The Witness Protection, Security and Benefit Program proves to be an indispensable feature of the criminal justice system
• Clients' witnesses covered by the program play a pivotal role in the successful prosecution of significant criminal cases

National Prosecution Service (NPS)

• Prosecution arm of government
• Upholds law and is a component of the criminal justice system
• The Department of Justice, in coordination with various government agencies, maintains several programs to ensure citizen
• It has a twofold function because it investigates allegations and prosecutes violations
• an investigator as a quasi judicial organization and expected to deal with the fair execution of laws

"Women's and Children's Concern Desk"

• It streamlines and strengthens the police in responding to problems on violence against women and children
• Police Women are assigned to man the desks
• There is trained male police officer assigned if no female personnel available

PLEBs

• hear and decide citizens' complaints against erring personnel
• PLEB is a disciplinary authority in the Local Government Unit (LGU) where the community participation lies

COPS

• cultivate People-Police to improve peace and order
• COPS Is the imperative of cultivating a people-police partnership to champion the cause of peace and order in the community

Community Participation Pillar

• The Law Enforcement pillar represents the most visible subsystem and has the greatest membership of four formal components. There are several measures initiated at the law enforcement level to maximize public participation

PVOs

• The role of non-government organizations (NGO) and private voluntary organizations (PVOs) includes scarce services to the poorer sectors of society
• These organizations advocate support for vital issues and concerns

Warrant of Arrest "orden de arresto"

• In writing issued by judge
• Usually an unnamed suspect is referred to as "John Doe"

Apprehensions of suspects restrictions

• Made by physical restraint or suspect submitting to custody
• No violence or unnecessary force
• No greater restraint that detention

Crime Detection from Hotlines

• the PNP has a hotline and complaint desk in every outpost
• Police secure cooperation of the community so they can be provided with the information

Activities police do in criminal investigation

• Patrol and investigator preliminary investigations
• Follow-up Investigation
• Enforce evidence-based Police Authority to collect and apply evidence
• Power to solve Crimes

Crime Investigation

• Police activity to identify and catch criminals
• Accumulate , preserve, present the evidence

Crime detection comes from

• Citizen complaints or calls for assistance
• Signals from alarm devices
• Patrol observations
• The use of undercover agents, electronic devices, stakeouts, and alarms
• Serialized crimes may show the pattern of crimes

Important call or alarm details

• Element in whether the crime can be solved and culprit caught
• THE TIME THAT ELAPSES BETWEEN RECEIPT OF THE CALL
• THE ARRIVAL OF RESPONDING OFFICERS AT THE CRIME SCENE

POLICE PROCESSES Chain

Policing is he initial process. Police Function of

• Crime Detection
• Crime Investigation
• Apprehension of Suspects
• Search and Seizure, and
• Case Preparation

Crime Triangle Prevention factors

• Desire
• Ability
• Opportunity

Crime prevention

• helps police proactive and allows the Citizen self protection

Level of Action in Crime Prevention

• Primary based on the division of criminology
• Secondary level on the known and established law enforcement practices
• Tertiary level of prevention is based on procedures and usually deterrence based

Police in Action

• Backbone of police operations
• Enforces observations

Law Enforcement Goal in Society

• Prevent crimes
• The most visible symbol is the uniformed police officers

Major Functions

• Crime Prevention
• Traffic supervision,
• Crime investigation

Law enforcement duties

• prevention and control of crimes,
• enforcement of laws, and effecting
• arrest of offenders, including the conduct of lawful searches and seizures to gather necessary evidence.

Police Origins

• Word "POLICE" from Greek "POLITEIA"
• Rome changed slightly to "POLITA"
• French word is "POLICE" applying to someone who enforce the law
• English and Americans then borrowed word

Major functions continued

Jail operation, Maintenance and equipment management

• Intelligence collecting, Inspections, Planning and Public relations

Law Enforcement Functions

• Patrol is the the jurisdiction
• Traffic enforcement is ordinances
• Crimes have detection
• Control, Records management, and Maintenance

Formerly Known Agencies

• The Video-gram Regulatory Board is now the Optical Media Board (OMB)
• The IPO in the Department of trade protects intellectual property
• The MTRCB classifies television, movies in magazines

Additional Agencies and what they implment

• The Central Bank or BSP regulates banking
• The BFAR Implements law on on aquatic industries
• The ATO Laws on airport mangement

More Enforcing Department of Env and Natural Resources

• forestry laws, sold waste management laws, air and water pollution laws, land laws, and other laws
• Created special court to handle these

More Enforcement

• The Drug Enforcement Agency (BRE), Customs and FDA implements Laws on their perspective agencies

Philosophy and Vision of PNP

• The Philosophy of the PNP is to serve with honor, and with justice
• the four core values: God, Contry, People, Environment

PNP Vision

• in 2030 the PNP shall be credible and capable
• This credible, high capacity and effective service is dedicated to partner with responsiveness

Mandate of the PNP

• Stipulated In Republic Act (RA) 6975 - or Department of the Interior and Local Government Act
• Has since been amended to ensure pointmen get educated with an extension allowed through Republic Act NO. 6975 and 8551

Importance of the Law

• Officer must know criminal procedure
• Officer must know detainees and regulations

How Make Arrest By Warant

• 1: secure warant and inform the person
• 2: Officer may ignore the warrant if there's danger
• 3: officer must deliver arrestee

Law Enforcement Inspiration

• Robert Peel helped get Scotland yard formed; He's know was Father of Modern Policing System
• A police force should have the characteristics that are Stable, Government Control, absence of Crime Efficient News, fair Shift Distribution etc