History of Pharmacology
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Questions and Answers

Which type of CNS stimulant is primarily used to suppress appetite for obesity?

  • Amphetamines
  • Anorexiants (correct)
  • Barbiturates
  • Analeptics

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of Barbiturate?

  • Stimulant (correct)
  • Intermediate-acting
  • Long-acting
  • Ultrashort-acting

    • What is the primary action of Analeptics?

  • Induce inflammation
  • Promote relaxation
  • Stimulate respiratory drive (correct)
  • Suppress appetite

    • Which of the following medications is classified as an Analeptic?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Barbiturate is used to control seizures?

    <p>Long-acting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early practice involved the use of organic materials for medicinal purposes?

    <p>Recognition of plant effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with developing the smallpox vaccine?

    <p>Edward Jenner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the unregulated prescription of morphine and other drugs during the 19th century?

    <p>Emergence of a drug addiction crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a concern during the Middle Ages in pharmacology?

    <p>Dogmatic approach to medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What innovation marked the 20th century in pharmacology?

    <p>Rapid growth of molecular understanding of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical figure was crucial in establishing the scientific approach to the effects of drugs in the 18th century?

    <p>Francois Magendie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What societal issue arose from the widespread prescription of opioids prior to regulatory measures?

    <p>Drug addiction epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes Paracelsus's contribution to pharmacology?

    <p>Advocacy for chemical and mineral use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of adrenergic agonists?

    <p>To stimulate adrenergic receptors mimicking sympathetic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters in adrenergic receptor sites?

    <p>Adrenergic antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of therapeutic failure?

    <p>Increased patient motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of drugs stimulates cholinergic receptors and mimics the action of acetylcholine?

    <p>Cholinergic agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholinergic antagonists inhibit the action of which neurotransmitter?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes drug tolerance?

    <p>The need for higher doses to achieve the same effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of drugs classified as sympathomimetics?

    <p>Mimic sympathetic effects through adrenergic activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is primarily treated with cholinergic agonists?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pioneer is credited with developing the first polio vaccine?

    <p>Jonas Salk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act was designed to regulate narcotics in the United States?

    <p>Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized for the discovery of penicillin?

    <p>Sir Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Generics Act of 1988 in the Philippines?

    <p>Encouragement of the use of generic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who suggested that vitamins are essential to health?

    <p>Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles?

    <p>Disintegration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for approximately 98% of a drug to be eliminated from the body?

    <p>Six half-lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect describes drugs that impact multiple receptor sites?

    <p>Non-specific Drug Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between side effects and adverse effects of drugs?

    <p>Side effects can be desirable or undesirable; adverse effects are always undesirable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the beneficial effect that arises not from the treatment's properties but due to the patient's belief?

    <p>Placebo Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pharmacology, what does the term 'half-life' (t ½) refer to?

    <p>The time it takes for one-half of a drug concentration to be eliminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about non-selective drug effects is accurate?

    <p>They can influence diverse physiological responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many half-lives are typically required for a medication to reach about 98% elimination?

    <p>Six half-lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    History of Pharmacology

    • Primitive men recognized the benefits and toxic effects of plants and animal materials
    • Hippocrates used inorganic salts as medications
    • Galen promoted a dogmatic approach to medicine
    • During the Middle Ages, medical care was taken over by the Church
    • Paracelsus challenged Galenic medicine and promoted the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine
    • 18th Century: François Magendie and Claude Bernard developed experimental physiology and pharmacology
    • 19th Century: Morphine, laudanum, cocaine, and heroin were used freely by physicians
    • 20th Century: There were an estimated 250,000 drug addicts in the United States
    • 21st Century: Rapid growth of information and understanding of the molecular basis for drug action

    Pioneers of Pharmacology

    • Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine
    • Oswald Schmiedeberg was considered the Founder of Modern Pharmacology
    • Felix Hoffman developed aspirin
    • Carl Koller introduced cocaine as a local anesthetic into surgical procedures
    • Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins discovered vitamins are essential to health
    • Edward Mellanby discovered vitamin D and showed its absence causes rickets
    • Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
    • Selman A.Waksman discovered the antibiotic streptomycin
    • Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine
    • Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin
    • Fidel Pagés pioneered epidural anesthesia

    Drug Regulations

    • Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
    • Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914
    • Surgeon General Warning
    • Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
    • Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988
    • RA 9165
    • EO 218
    • RA 10640
    • RA 6675-Generics Act of 1988
    • RA 9502

    3 Phases of Drug Action

    • Pharmaceutical Phase: Drug preparation and disintegration/dissolution
    • Pharmacokinetic Phase: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • Pharmacodynamic Phase: Drug interaction with target cells

    Disintegration vs. Dissolution

    • Disintegration: Breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles
    • Dissolution: Dissolving of smaller particles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

    Half-life (t ½)

    • Time it takes for one-half of the drug concentration to be eliminated
    • Takes approximately six half-lives for a drug to be eliminated around 98%

    Non-specific Drug Effects

    • Drugs that affect multiple receptor sites

    Non-selective Drug Effect

    • Drugs that affect multiple receptors

    Side Effects vs Adverse Effects

    • Side Effects: Physiologic effects unrelated to desired drug effects, which can be desirable or undesirable
    • Adverse Effects: Range of untoward effects of drugs that may cause mild to severe side effects, these are always undesirable

    Placebo Effect

    • Beneficial effect attributed to the patient's belief in the treatment, rather than the properties of the placebo itself

    Causes of Therapeutic Failure

    • Poor Compliance
    • Quality of Drugs
    • Factors affecting Biotransformation
    • Factors affecting Bioavailability
    • Drug Interactions
    • Drug Tolerance

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): Adrenergic System
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS): Cholinergic System

    Types of Receptor Drugs

    • Agonist: A drug that stimulates a receptor to produce an effect
    • Antagonist: A drug that blocks the action of an agonist

    Adrenergic Agonists

    • AKA sympathomimetic, catecholamines
    • Drugs that stimulate the adrenergic receptors to mimic sympathetic effect
    • Catecholamines: Hormones produced by the adrenal glands

    Adrenergics Antagonists

    • AKA symphatolytics, adrenergic blockers
    • Action: Drugs that block effects of neurotransmitters in adrenergic receptor sites
    • Direct action: By occupying receptors
    • Indirect action: By inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine

    Cholinergic Agonists

    • AKA parasympathomimetics, cholinomimetics, cholinergic stimulants
    • Drugs that stimulate cholinergic receptors, mimicking the action of acetylcholine
    • Indications: Glaucoma, Atonic bladder, Post-op and postpartum urine retention, Abdominal distension and GI atony, Salivary gland hypofunction

    Cholinergic Antagonists

    • AKA parasympatholytics, anticholinergics, cholinergic blockers
    • Action: Inhibit action of ACh by occupying ACh receptors

    CNS

    Arachidonic Acid Pathway

    • Arachidonic acids are released from phospholipids in the cell membrane from an event/injury and metabolized by either the prostaglandin (PG) pathway or the leukotriene (LT) pathway.
    • Prostaglandin induces inflammation and promotes alteration in vascular responses

    Types of CNS Stimulants

    • Amphetamines: ADHD, Narcolepsy, Anorexiants
    • Analeptics: Methylxanthines, Doxapram (Dopram)

    Examples of Amphetamines

    • Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)
    • Amphetamine (Adderall)
    • Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
    • Methylphenidate (Concerta, Ritalin)
    • Modafinil (Provigil)
    • Pemoline (Cylert)

    Examples of Analeptics

    • Methylxanthines: Aminophylline, Theophylline, Caffeine
    • Doxapram (Dopram)

    Anorexiants

    • Action: Suppress the appetite control center in the brain
    • Indication: Obesity
    • Ex. Phentermine, Benzphetamine, Buproprion

    Classifications of CNS Depressants

    • Barbiturates
    • Benzodiazepines
    • Non-benzodiazepines

    Types of Barbiturates

    • Ultrashort-acting (Used as a general anesthetic): Thiopental sodium (Pentothal)
    • Short-acting (Induce sleep, control convulsion, and no residual drowsiness): Pentobarbital (Nembutal), Secobarbital (Seconal)
    • Intermediate-acting (Induce and sustain sleep, for convulsion, but causes residual drowsiness (hangover effect)): Amobarbital (Amytal), Butabarbital (Butisol)
    • Long-acting (Used to control seizures): Phenobarbital

    Non-benzodiazepines

    • Action: Neurotransmitter inhibition
    • Indication: Treat short-term insomnia
    • Ex. Zolpidem (Ambien), Zaleplon (Sonata), Eszopiclone (Lunesta)

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    Midterms Review- Introduction to Pharmacology PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating evolution of pharmacology from its primitive beginnings to modern advancements. This quiz covers significant milestones such as the contributions of Hippocrates, Galen, and the pioneers like Edward Jenner and Oswald Schmiedeberg. Test your knowledge on how pharmacology has shaped medicine through the centuries.

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