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Questions and Answers
Which type of CNS stimulant is primarily used to suppress appetite for obesity?
Which type of CNS stimulant is primarily used to suppress appetite for obesity?
Which of the following is NOT a type of Barbiturate?
Which of the following is NOT a type of Barbiturate?
What is the primary action of Analeptics?
What is the primary action of Analeptics?
Which of the following medications is classified as an Analeptic?
Which of the following medications is classified as an Analeptic?
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Which type of Barbiturate is used to control seizures?
Which type of Barbiturate is used to control seizures?
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Which early practice involved the use of organic materials for medicinal purposes?
Which early practice involved the use of organic materials for medicinal purposes?
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Who is credited with developing the smallpox vaccine?
Who is credited with developing the smallpox vaccine?
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What was a significant consequence of the unregulated prescription of morphine and other drugs during the 19th century?
What was a significant consequence of the unregulated prescription of morphine and other drugs during the 19th century?
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Which of the following was a concern during the Middle Ages in pharmacology?
Which of the following was a concern during the Middle Ages in pharmacology?
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What innovation marked the 20th century in pharmacology?
What innovation marked the 20th century in pharmacology?
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Which historical figure was crucial in establishing the scientific approach to the effects of drugs in the 18th century?
Which historical figure was crucial in establishing the scientific approach to the effects of drugs in the 18th century?
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What societal issue arose from the widespread prescription of opioids prior to regulatory measures?
What societal issue arose from the widespread prescription of opioids prior to regulatory measures?
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Which term best describes Paracelsus's contribution to pharmacology?
Which term best describes Paracelsus's contribution to pharmacology?
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What is the main function of adrenergic agonists?
What is the main function of adrenergic agonists?
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Which of the following terms refers to drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters in adrenergic receptor sites?
Which of the following terms refers to drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters in adrenergic receptor sites?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of therapeutic failure?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of therapeutic failure?
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What class of drugs stimulates cholinergic receptors and mimics the action of acetylcholine?
What class of drugs stimulates cholinergic receptors and mimics the action of acetylcholine?
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Cholinergic antagonists inhibit the action of which neurotransmitter?
Cholinergic antagonists inhibit the action of which neurotransmitter?
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Which of the following describes drug tolerance?
Which of the following describes drug tolerance?
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What is the main action of drugs classified as sympathomimetics?
What is the main action of drugs classified as sympathomimetics?
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Which of the following conditions is primarily treated with cholinergic agonists?
Which of the following conditions is primarily treated with cholinergic agonists?
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Which pioneer is credited with developing the first polio vaccine?
Which pioneer is credited with developing the first polio vaccine?
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Which act was designed to regulate narcotics in the United States?
Which act was designed to regulate narcotics in the United States?
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Who is recognized for the discovery of penicillin?
Who is recognized for the discovery of penicillin?
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What is the primary focus of the Generics Act of 1988 in the Philippines?
What is the primary focus of the Generics Act of 1988 in the Philippines?
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Who suggested that vitamins are essential to health?
Who suggested that vitamins are essential to health?
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What term describes the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles?
What term describes the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles?
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How long does it typically take for approximately 98% of a drug to be eliminated from the body?
How long does it typically take for approximately 98% of a drug to be eliminated from the body?
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Which effect describes drugs that impact multiple receptor sites?
Which effect describes drugs that impact multiple receptor sites?
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What is the main difference between side effects and adverse effects of drugs?
What is the main difference between side effects and adverse effects of drugs?
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What term is used for the beneficial effect that arises not from the treatment's properties but due to the patient's belief?
What term is used for the beneficial effect that arises not from the treatment's properties but due to the patient's belief?
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In pharmacology, what does the term 'half-life' (t ½) refer to?
In pharmacology, what does the term 'half-life' (t ½) refer to?
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Which of the following statements about non-selective drug effects is accurate?
Which of the following statements about non-selective drug effects is accurate?
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How many half-lives are typically required for a medication to reach about 98% elimination?
How many half-lives are typically required for a medication to reach about 98% elimination?
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Study Notes
History of Pharmacology
- Primitive men recognized the benefits and toxic effects of plants and animal materials
- Hippocrates used inorganic salts as medications
- Galen promoted a dogmatic approach to medicine
- During the Middle Ages, medical care was taken over by the Church
- Paracelsus challenged Galenic medicine and promoted the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine
- 18th Century: François Magendie and Claude Bernard developed experimental physiology and pharmacology
- 19th Century: Morphine, laudanum, cocaine, and heroin were used freely by physicians
- 20th Century: There were an estimated 250,000 drug addicts in the United States
- 21st Century: Rapid growth of information and understanding of the molecular basis for drug action
Pioneers of Pharmacology
- Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine
- Oswald Schmiedeberg was considered the Founder of Modern Pharmacology
- Felix Hoffman developed aspirin
- Carl Koller introduced cocaine as a local anesthetic into surgical procedures
- Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins discovered vitamins are essential to health
- Edward Mellanby discovered vitamin D and showed its absence causes rickets
- Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
- Selman A.Waksman discovered the antibiotic streptomycin
- Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine
- Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin
- Fidel Pagés pioneered epidural anesthesia
Drug Regulations
- Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
- Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914
- Surgeon General Warning
- Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
- Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988
- RA 9165
- EO 218
- RA 10640
- RA 6675-Generics Act of 1988
- RA 9502
3 Phases of Drug Action
- Pharmaceutical Phase: Drug preparation and disintegration/dissolution
- Pharmacokinetic Phase: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- Pharmacodynamic Phase: Drug interaction with target cells
Disintegration vs. Dissolution
- Disintegration: Breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles
- Dissolution: Dissolving of smaller particles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
Half-life (t ½)
- Time it takes for one-half of the drug concentration to be eliminated
- Takes approximately six half-lives for a drug to be eliminated around 98%
Non-specific Drug Effects
- Drugs that affect multiple receptor sites
Non-selective Drug Effect
- Drugs that affect multiple receptors
Side Effects vs Adverse Effects
- Side Effects: Physiologic effects unrelated to desired drug effects, which can be desirable or undesirable
- Adverse Effects: Range of untoward effects of drugs that may cause mild to severe side effects, these are always undesirable
Placebo Effect
- Beneficial effect attributed to the patient's belief in the treatment, rather than the properties of the placebo itself
Causes of Therapeutic Failure
- Poor Compliance
- Quality of Drugs
- Factors affecting Biotransformation
- Factors affecting Bioavailability
- Drug Interactions
- Drug Tolerance
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): Adrenergic System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS): Cholinergic System
Types of Receptor Drugs
- Agonist: A drug that stimulates a receptor to produce an effect
- Antagonist: A drug that blocks the action of an agonist
Adrenergic Agonists
- AKA sympathomimetic, catecholamines
- Drugs that stimulate the adrenergic receptors to mimic sympathetic effect
- Catecholamines: Hormones produced by the adrenal glands
Adrenergics Antagonists
- AKA symphatolytics, adrenergic blockers
- Action: Drugs that block effects of neurotransmitters in adrenergic receptor sites
- Direct action: By occupying receptors
- Indirect action: By inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine
Cholinergic Agonists
- AKA parasympathomimetics, cholinomimetics, cholinergic stimulants
- Drugs that stimulate cholinergic receptors, mimicking the action of acetylcholine
- Indications: Glaucoma, Atonic bladder, Post-op and postpartum urine retention, Abdominal distension and GI atony, Salivary gland hypofunction
Cholinergic Antagonists
- AKA parasympatholytics, anticholinergics, cholinergic blockers
- Action: Inhibit action of ACh by occupying ACh receptors
CNS
Arachidonic Acid Pathway
- Arachidonic acids are released from phospholipids in the cell membrane from an event/injury and metabolized by either the prostaglandin (PG) pathway or the leukotriene (LT) pathway.
- Prostaglandin induces inflammation and promotes alteration in vascular responses
Types of CNS Stimulants
- Amphetamines: ADHD, Narcolepsy, Anorexiants
- Analeptics: Methylxanthines, Doxapram (Dopram)
Examples of Amphetamines
- Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)
- Amphetamine (Adderall)
- Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
- Methylphenidate (Concerta, Ritalin)
- Modafinil (Provigil)
- Pemoline (Cylert)
Examples of Analeptics
- Methylxanthines: Aminophylline, Theophylline, Caffeine
- Doxapram (Dopram)
Anorexiants
- Action: Suppress the appetite control center in the brain
- Indication: Obesity
- Ex. Phentermine, Benzphetamine, Buproprion
Classifications of CNS Depressants
- Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines
- Non-benzodiazepines
Types of Barbiturates
- Ultrashort-acting (Used as a general anesthetic): Thiopental sodium (Pentothal)
- Short-acting (Induce sleep, control convulsion, and no residual drowsiness): Pentobarbital (Nembutal), Secobarbital (Seconal)
- Intermediate-acting (Induce and sustain sleep, for convulsion, but causes residual drowsiness (hangover effect)): Amobarbital (Amytal), Butabarbital (Butisol)
- Long-acting (Used to control seizures): Phenobarbital
Non-benzodiazepines
- Action: Neurotransmitter inhibition
- Indication: Treat short-term insomnia
- Ex. Zolpidem (Ambien), Zaleplon (Sonata), Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
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Description
Explore the fascinating evolution of pharmacology from its primitive beginnings to modern advancements. This quiz covers significant milestones such as the contributions of Hippocrates, Galen, and the pioneers like Edward Jenner and Oswald Schmiedeberg. Test your knowledge on how pharmacology has shaped medicine through the centuries.
