History of Muslims in India Chapter 4

Arab traders brought Islam to India as early as the 7th century AD to the Malabar Coast.
Sufis played a significant role in the spread of Islam in India.
The first mosque of India, the Cheraman Juma Mosque, was built in 629 AD.

Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210):
- Capital was Lahore, then Delhi.
- Known as Lakh-Baksh (giver of lakhs).
- Laid the foundation for Qutub Minar.
- Died while playing Chaugan (Polo).
- Built the first mosque in India, Quwwat-ul-Islam (Delhi) and Dhai Din Ka Jhopara (Ajmer).
Iltutmish (1210-1236):
- Got his authority as Sultan of Delhi recognized by the Caliph of Baghdad.
- Completed Qutub Minar.
- Called "Father of Tomb Building".
- Issued purely Arabic Coins of silver (Tanka) and copper (Jital).
- Organized a band of forty trusted nobles called "Turkan-i-Chihalgani".
- Divided his empire into IQTAS, an assignment of land in lieu of salary for his officers.
Razia (1236-1240):
- First and last Muslim lady ruler in medieval India.
- Disregarded purdah, adorned male attire, and rode out in public on elephant back.
- Killed along with her husband Altunia (Governor of Bhatinda) by Bahram Shah, a son of Iltutmish.

Member of Chalisa, but abolished the Turkan-i-Chihalgani.
Separated the military department from the finance department.
Declared the Sultan as the representative of God on Earth.
Believed in a semi-divine theory of kingship.
Introduced the Sijdah, Paibos, and Persian festival Nauroz.
Instructed Ulemas to confine themselves to religious affairs and not to engage in political activities.
Adopted the Iron and Blood policy.

Founded the Khilji Dynasty.
Believed that a large majority of people in India are Hindus, the state cannot be a total Islamic state.

Conquered Gujarat (Karnal Singh, Vaghela king).
Reason for conquest was because of King Wife Kamla Devi and Malik Kafur.
Ratan Singh's wife Padmini committed suicide (Jauhar) when her husband was defeated.
Malik Kafur was the trusted General of Alauddin, who defeated all Kingdoms of Deccan (south).
Built Alai Darwaza, his capital at Siri, and an entrance door to Qutub Minar.
Adopted the title Sikandar-i-sani.
Famous for his Market Control Policy in Delhi.
First Sultan to have a Permanent Army, paid soldiers in cash, imported horses, a detail description of each soldier, and each horse (dagh) was kept for the first time.
First Turkish Sultan of Delhi to separate religion from politics.
Proclaimed that "kingship knows no kinship".
Illiterate, but a patron of Amir Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehlvi.

Founded the Tughlaq Dynasty.
Built a fort and capital called Tughlaqabad in Delhi.
Took keen interest in irrigation fields by a network of canals and formulated a famine policy.
Died due to sabotage arranged by his son, Jauna Khan.

Noblest of the three Lodi rulers.
Introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar's yard) of 32 digits for measuring cultivated fields.
Founded the city of Agra (original name Yoginipur) and made it as his capital.

Founder of the Mughal empire in India.
King of Farghana in Afghanistan.
Invited to attack India by Daulat Khan Lodi (Punjab), Alam Khan (uncle of Ibrahim Lodi), and Rana Sanga.
Used the Tulghama system of Warfare in the First Battle of Panipat and his artillery was led by Ustad Ali and Mustafa.
Established Mughal empire after the First Battle of Panipat.

Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun succeeded Babur.
Built Dinpanah at Delhi as his second capital.
Defeated by Sher Shah at Chausa (Battle of Chausa) in 1539, but escaped.
Defeated by Sher Shah at Kannauj (Battle of Kannauj or Bilgram) in 1540, and had to flee.
Spent nearly 15 years (1540-1555) in exile.
Had a chance to return in 1555. Bairam Khan, his most faithful officer, helped him in the re-establishment of the Mughal Empire.
Died in 1556, when he fell from his Library building's stairs (Sher Mandal, Delhi).
Gulbadan Begum, his half-sister, wrote his biography known as Humayun-Nama.

Divided his empire into 47 Sarkars, which were divided into several parganas.
Village was the lowest unit of administration.
Made the local village headmen and zamindars responsible for local crime.
Established a highly centralized government.
Built many sarais.
Improved the land revenue system by adopting Zabti-i-Har-Sal.
Abolished all internal customs and duties.
Built three important roads: Agra-Jodhpur-Chittor, Lahore-Multan, and Agra-Burhanpur.
Built 1700 sarais which also worked as dak chaukis.
Succeeded by his son, Islam Shah.

Born to Hamida Bano Begum at Amarkot in 1542.
Abolished Pilgrim tax, Jiziah, and Sati System.
Founded Din-i-Ilahi in 1582.
Introduced the Mansabdari System and odarmal Zabti System.
Founder of the Mughal Empire.
Built Buland Darwza at Fatehpur Sikri to commemorate his conquest of Gujarat.
Laid the foundation of the city of Fatehpur Sikri.
Nine gems in his court: Mahesh, Todarmal, Tansen, Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana, Mulla do Pyaza, Hakim Hukum, Abul Fazal, Faizi, and Maan Singh.
Financial advisor was Todar Mal.
First Indian ruler to organize Haj pilgrim at the expense of the state.

Born at Lahore in 1569 AD.
Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir.
Popularly known as Salim.
Married Mehrun Nisa, the widow of Sher Afghani in 1611.
Established Zanjir-i-Adal at Agra Fort for the seekers of royal justice.
Built Shalimar and Nishat Bagh in Kashmir and 'Chain of Justice' was outside his palace in Agra.
Known for painting lover