Scientist/Microscopy

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Questions and Answers

Who introduced the belief in the spontaneous generation of life from non-living matter?

  • Aristotle (correct)
  • John Needham
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Francesco Redi

Which individual disproved spontaneous generation for large organisms by showing maggots only arose from meat when flies laid eggs in it?

  • Lazzaro Spallanzani
  • John Needham
  • Francesco Redi (correct)
  • Louis Pasteur

Which of the following individuals concluded that microbes come from the air and boiling can kill them?

  • Francesco Redi
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Lazzaro Spallanzani (correct)
  • John Needham

Where did aphids arise from according to Aristotle's beliefs?

<p>Dew on plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason Louis Pasteur used swan-neck flasks in his experiments to disprove spontaneous generation?

<p>To prevent microbes from entering the flask (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is often regarded as 'The Father of Microbiology'?

<p>Louis Pasteur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease did Louis Pasteur develop a special vaccine for in 1885?

<p>Rabies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the conceptual breakthrough for establishing protection against disease by inoculating a weakened strain of the causative agent?

<p>Inoculating with an attenuated strain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory did Louis Pasteur disprove in 1861?

<p>Spontaneous generation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to observe and describe microscopic protozoa and bacteria?

<p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who presented the first published depiction of a microorganism in Micrographia (1665)?

<p>Robert Hooke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a compound microscope and a simple microscope?

<p>Compound microscopes have more than one lens; simple microscopes have only one lens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microscope did Anton van Leeuwenhoek use to observe protozoa and bacteria?

<p>Bright field microscope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Koch's original postulates?

<p>To determine the causative agent of a disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Robert Koch abandon the universal requirement of the first postulate in his experiments?

<p>He discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera and typhoid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the third postulate of Koch specify regarding the transmission of infectious agents?

<p>Not all organisms exposed will acquire the infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion must be satisfied for a microorganism to be identified as the causative agent according to Koch's postulates?

<p>Being reisolated and identified as identical to the original causative agent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the requirement for a cultured microorganism to cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism according to Koch's postulates?

<p>Essential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual is known as the 'Father of Immunology'?

<p>Edward Jenner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who started the modern era of vaccines and vaccination in the 1880s?

<p>Louis Pasteur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involved using live smallpox virus from a mild case of the disease to immunize individuals against smallpox?

<p>Variolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis was proposed regarding cowpox and smallpox?

<p>Infection with cowpox gives immunity to smallpox. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual used cowpox as a vaccine against smallpox?

<p>Edward Jenner (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals observed and described red blood cells, sperm cells of animals, and bacteria?

<p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microscope uses more than one lens for magnification, such as an eyepiece and objective?

<p>Compound microscope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek observe and describe despite having no scientific training?

<p>Red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Louis Pasteur do to treat Joseph Meister for rabies?

<p>Created a vaccine from the virus harvested from infected rabbits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Louis Pasteur's groundbreaking contribution in relation to Joseph Meister?

<p>He disproved spontaneous generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Robert Koch's work with anthrax notable?

<p>He linked a specific microorganism with a specific disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were Koch's Original Postulates used for?

<p>Identifying the causative agent of a particular disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Robert Koch receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for in 1905?

<p>His research on tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Louis Pasteur's treatment of Joseph Meister contribute to medical science?

<p>By disproving spontaneous generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Joseph Lister introduce to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds during surgery?

<p>Clean gowns and hand-washing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which British surgeon is known as the Father of antiseptic surgery?

<p>Joseph Lister (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason behind surgeons not washing their hands according to the text?

<p>To display their surgical experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Joseph Lister insist on hand-washing for surgeons?

<p>To prevent the spread of infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual developed a system of sterile surgery using Carbolic Acid (Phenol) in the 19th century?

<p>Joseph Lister (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Louis Pasteur propose in the year 1862?

<p>Germ theory of disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1867, Louis Pasteur developed a process known as pasteurization for what purpose?

<p>Destroying bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the discovery made by Charles Chamberland regarding chicken cholera bacteria?

<p>Established protection against disease through inoculation with weakened strains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What breakthrough concept was established through the inoculation of an attenuated chicken cholera bacteria?

<p>Protection against disease through weakened strain inoculation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is often referred to as 'the father of modern pathology' for introducing more science to medicine?

<p>Rudolf Virchow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin, in 1928?

<p>Alexander Fleming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who classified algae as plants and categorized bacteria into four groups based on shape?

<p>Ferdinand J.Cohn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist first showed that Bacillus could change into an endospore state under specific conditions?

<p>Ferdinand J.Cohn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered lysozyme's ability to kill bacteria and shared a Nobel Prize for the discovery of Penicillin?

<p>Alexander Fleming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is known for coining the term 'zoonosis' and linking diseases of humans and animals?

<p>Rudolf Virchow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Koch's Postulates?

<p>To identify the causative agent of a disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Robert Koch abandon the universal requirement of the first postulate in his experiments?

<p>He discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera and typhoid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Koch prove with his experiments on tuberculosis and cholera related to the third postulate?

<p>Not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion must be satisfied for a microorganism to be identified as the causative agent according to Koch's postulates?

<p>The microorganism must cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What breakthrough concept was established through the inoculation of an attenuated chicken cholera bacteria?

<p>Establishing protection against disease through vaccination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed a process known as pasteurization in 1867 and for what purpose?

<p>Louis Pasteur for preserving food by heating and cooling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Joseph Lister's contribution to surgery during the 19th century?

<p>Advocated for the use of antiseptic surgery to prevent microbial infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Carbolic Acid (Phenol) used by Joseph Lister in his antiseptic surgery?

<p>To sterilize surgical tools and equipment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant changes introduced by Joseph Lister in surgical practices?

<p>Insisting on hand-washing and wearing clean gowns during surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did surgeons in the past take pride in their dirty blood-stained clothes and unwashed gowns?

<p>To show off their surgical experience and skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of surgeons' practices did Joseph Lister revolutionize to improve patient outcomes?

<p>Implementation of antiseptic practices including hand-washing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Joseph Lister's antiseptic surgery contribute to the advancement of medical practices in the 19th century?

<p>'Fathered' the concept of sterile surgery using Carbolic Acid (Phenol) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Francesco Redi disprove regarding spontaneous generation?

<p>Maggots arise from meat without flies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Lazzaro Spallanzani, where do microbes come from?

<p>The air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Louis Pasteur's contribution to modern life origins?

<p>Complex living things come only from other living things (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary misconception in Aristotle's beliefs regarding aphids and mice?

<p>Aphids are born from dew (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?

<p>By showing that putting meat in a closed container led to the growth of organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Needham and Spallanzani disagree on regarding the origin of microbes?

<p>The source of microbes in non-living matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the 'Father of Immunology'?

<p>Edward Jenner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lady Mary Wortley Montagu use in 'Variolation' for immunization against smallpox?

<p>Smallpox virus from a blister (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium did Lister isolate and name, demonstrating its role in milk souring?

<p>Bacterium lactis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis was proposed based on the understanding that cowpox provides immunity to smallpox?

<p>Cowpox infection gives immunity to smallpox (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is Edward Jenner credited with introducing as a vaccine against smallpox?

<p>Variolation using cowpox virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual began the modern era of vaccines and vaccination in the 1880s?

<p>Louis Pasteur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biologist is credited with characterizing the distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems based on the presence or absence of a nucleus?

<p>Édouard Chatton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the 'father of natural immunity' and described the process of 'phagocytosis'?

<p>Elie Metchnikoff (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is best known for his work on parasite life cycles, including nematodes and malaria?

<p>Giovanni Battista Grassi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who identified the cause of 'Malta fever' (brucellosis) and trypanosomes?

<p>David Bruce (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist investigated sleeping sickness and engaged with flagellated protozoans?

<p>David Bruce (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with first characterizing the distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cellular organization based on the presence or absence of a nucleus?

<p>Édouard Chatton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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