History of Internet and ARPANET

Internet Technology & WWW

• The Topic covers Internet Technology and the World Wide Web.
• Also covers Network basics

Overview of the Internet

• The Internet: A worldwide network linking businesses, government, educational institutions, and individuals
• The Internet operates globally on computer networks via a common set of communication protocols

Evolution of the Internet

• ARPANET (Advance Research Project Agency): Network created by the US Department of Defense
• ARPANET became operational in September 1969
• The Internet originated as ARPANET with two main goals:
  • To allow scientists to share information and work together, regardless of physical location
  • To maintain functionality even if parts of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster

Internet Connection Types

• There are two main types of Internet connection and access: Dial-up and Broadband

Dial-up Connection:

• Dial-up: PC dials through a phone line
  • It is a conventional type, slower, but cheaper
  • Dial-up ties up phone lines
  • Dial-up is relatively secure from hackers
  • Example of dial-up: TMnet
• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): Transfers data over ordinary telephone lines
  • Uses typically two phone lines to transfer data and requires special ISDN modem
  • It is faster and doesn't tie up phone lines, making it for businesses and individuals

Dial-up Connection: Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages:
  • Security is enhanced
  • Includes inexpensive hardware
  • Features are easy to set up and use with widespread availability
• Disadvantages:
  • Has a slow connection speed (max of 56Kbps) and is inconvenient
  • Telephone line is in use while accessing the Internet

Broadband Internet Connection (Direct Connection):

• Used by many home and small business users through a high-speed of generally 200 Kbps broadband Internet service
• Computers are continually connected to the Internet and are used at home and in the office

Broadband Versus Dial-up

• Dial-up:
  • Has a slow connection speed (max of 56Kbps) but cheaper
  • Can be inconvenient with telephone line being tied up while accessing the Internet
  • Relatively secure from hackers
• Broadband/Direct Connection:
  • PC remains continually connected to the Internet with a direct connection
  • Because you are always connected, it is important to protect your computer from hackers

Types of Direct Connection

• DSL:
  • Broadband delivered over telephone lines
  • It must remain within 3 miles from a switching station
  • It transmits over telephone lines but does not tie up the line
  • Fast, direct Internet access via standard telephone line
  • ADSL is a popular type with examples of such as streamyx without WiFI
• Cable Internet Service/Cable Modem:
  • Most widely used home broadband connection
  • Provides high-speed Internet access via cable television network via a cable modem
  • A newer tech in Malaysia
• Fixed Wireless:
  • Connects using radio transmission towers rather than satellites and is not available in all areas
  • expected to use WiMAX
  • Provides high-speed Internet connections using a dish-shaped antenna to communicate via radio signals.
• Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity):
  • Data is transmitted through radio waves through public wireless networks with both free and fee-based options available
  • WiMAX may be an option soon, but it currently has a short range
  • High-speed Internet connections for compatible/properly equipped wireless computers and devices with an example like Streamyx with Wi-Fi
• Wi-Fi Hotspot:
  • Places providing users with free or paid Internet services at locations like airports, cafés, hotels, and offices
• Satellite Internet Service:
  • Broadband option for rural areas, though slower and more expensive than cable or DSL
  • Available in areas lacking other broadband options
  • Provides high-speed Internet connections via satellite using a satellite dish to communicate with a satellite modem
• Fiber to the Premises (FTTP):
  • Also known as Broadband over Fiber (BoF)
  • FTTP delivers fiber-optic cabling to the building in limited areas.
  • Is a fast and expensive option and uses fiber-optic cable
  • Provides high-speed Internet access for houses and businesses
• Cellular Radio Network:
  • Also known as Mobile wireless and accessed via mobile phone or device
  • Offers high-speed Internet connections to devices with built-in compatible technology or computers with wireless modems

Common Types of Internet Connections

• Conventional dial-up: Has a monthly price of free to $20 and its approx. maximum speed is 56 Kbps.
  • Anywhere there is telephone service and is dial up, not always on
• Cable: Has a monthly price of $40-55 and its approximate Maximum Speed is 6-8 Mbps
  • Cable is virtually anywhere cable TV service is available and is always on with cable
• DSL: Has a monthly price of $15-35 and its approx. maximum speed is 768 Kbps-6 Mbps
  • DSL is available within 3 miles of a switching station that supports DSL and is always on
• Satellite: Has a monthly price of $50-80 and is approx. maximum speed is 512 Kbps-1.5 Mbps
  • Satellite is available anywhere with a clear view to the southern sky and where satellite dish can be mounted/receive signal and is always on
• Fixed wireless: Has a monthly price of $30-50 and its approx. maximum speed is, 768 Kbps-1.5 Mbps
  • Fixed wireless is in mainly urban areas where service is available and is always on
• Broadband over fiber (BoF): Has a monthly price of $40-180 and its approx. maximum speed is 5-40 Mbps
  • Available anywhere fiber has been installed to the building and is always on
• Mobile wireless: Varies greatly in monthly price and its approx. maximum speed is 14.4 Kbps-4 Mbps
  • It is available anywhere cellular phone service is and is always on

Definition of Access Providers and Internet Service Provider

• Access provider is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet for free or for a fee.
• Internet Service Provider (ISP):
  • It is the company providing access to the Internet and related services
  • Includes Website building and virtual hosting

Responsibilities of an ISP

• Providing/maintaining connection to Internet and supporting the necessary hardware/software
• Protecting the site and network from threats, hacker attacks, and other illegal activities with 24-hour customer/technical support

Internet Service Provider Types

• ISP (Internet service provider):
  • Regional ISPs provide Internet access to a specific geographical area
  • National ISPs provide Internet access nationwide
• Online service provider (OSP):
  • Has many members-only features.
  • Popular OSPs include AOL and MSN
• Wireless Internet service provider (WISP):
  • Provides wireless Internet access to computers and mobile devices.
  • May require a wireless modem

Examples of online service provider

• Include Gmail and Yahoo! and MSN Hotmail

Examples of ISP in Malaysia

• Examples of ISP in Malaysia are TMNet, TIMEnet, Maxis and Celcom

Internet Service Questions to Ask

• Services Questions:

  • Ensure browser choice, email supports attachments/spam filtering/multiple mailboxes
  • Enquire amount of email addresses you can have and size limit to incoming/outgoing messages/attachments
  • Ensure the choice between conventional or Web-based email
  • Check on dial-up service availability when away from home especially from broadband connections
  • Ensure special member features or benefits and if space is allocated for personal Website/photos

• Speed

  • How fast are the maximum and usual downstream (ISP to PC) and upstream (PC to ISP) speeds?
  • How much does the service slow down under adverse conditions, such as high traffic or poor weather?
  • How often should a dial-up connection expect a busy signal (A customer-to-modem ratio of about 10:1 or less is optimal)

• Support: Is 24/7 telephone tech support available and if technical support available through website or online knowledge-base

  • Inquire about response time for phone calls or emails when and if problems and if there is any tech support charge

• Cost: What is the monthly cost for the service in advance?

  • If dial-up, if there local access phone numbers that avoids long-distance charges
  • Inquire services added or deleted (email addresses/web page hosting) to increase/decrease the monthly cost and if setup fee is waived with 6 or 12 months

Types of Internet Services:

• Email and Mailing list
• Instant messaging and Chat, also Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
• NewsGroup and Message board along with File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Electronic Mail (E-mail):

• Transmission of text messages and files via a computer network where message can be simple text
• Attachments are inclusive of word processing documents, graphics, audio clips, or video clips

Email addresses explained

• An e-mail address is a combination of a username and a domain name that identifies a user, such as [email protected]
• A user name is a unique combination of characters, with letters or numbers, that identifies a specific user like [email protected]

Mailing List

• A group of email names and addresses with a name, [email protected]
• Also referred to as an email or distribution list for sending every message sent to mailing list

Mailing List - Ways to add or remove from list

• To add to a mailing list needs subscribing and removing to the mailing list needs unsubscribing
• Mailing lists reaches the desired audiences, especially sign up specifically and to obtain more information for products or services

Instant Messaging (IM)

• Real-time Internet communications service notifying when one or more people are online
• Allows to exchange messages/files or join a private chat room
• To do this it logs into the IM server and the server knows what contacts are online and send out a message via messaging server to contacts via their computers

Chat Services

• Provides a Real-time typed conversation and a chat room is a location on an Internet server that permits users to chat with one another.
• Chat systems include WhatsApp, LINE, Messenger, SMS along with others

Voice over IP (VoIP)

• VoIP technology allows users to speak over Internet with their desktop computer, computer, or mobile device.
• It is also known as Internet Telephony

Newsgroup

• An online area for users with written discussions about different subjects

Message Boards

• Web-based discussion groups that do not have a requirement for the newsreader

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• Is an Internet standard which permits file uploading and downloading with other computers on the Internet.
• FTP server is a network/computer that allows users upload and download files
• A user can transfer Website page files from personal computer to server
• FTP programs would include FileZilla, SmarterFTP, and WS_FTP

The World Wide Web

• The WWW is a service of the Internet, developed in the late 1960's.
• The world wide web has emerged in the early 1990's as a worldwide collection of Web pages
• web site: Collection of related Web pages/associated items
• Web server: A computer that delivers requested Web pages
• home page: first page of a Website

Web Pages explained

• Electronic document on the Web containing text, graphics, audio, or video with built-in connections to other Web documents
• Examples include a document, graphics, or social media pages
• Two major types can include dynamic and static

Web page Types

• Dynamic: Changing
• Static: Fixed

Web page Types Details

• Static Webpage: One written in HTML only
• Dynamic Web page: Written using more complex code

Web Browser

• Application Software letting you access to view pages using internet explorer
• Popular browsers are Google Chrome, firefox, Safari, Opera

Web 2.0

• Are Web sites that provide a means for users to share personal information.
• Web 2.0, also known as Web sites, is a social media website.
• Is a means allowing users to modify the entire Web site content of a blog with software built into the site for users.
• Internet users can view content on web pages and users can interact with the site to add more information and also Share content
• Web 2.0 is used and different ways people use the web has changed

Web Address

• A Web address is a the identifier for web page.
• It is also commonly referred to as a URL - Uniform Resource Locator

URL Breakdown

• A web address consists of a protocol, domain name, path, and web page name and its http://
• Protocols are the hypertext transfer/rules to define how pages transfer on the Internet
• Protocols can be secure when using https that provides communications security for transactions on the WWW
• Examples of web addresses include sites like facebook.com, moe.gov.my, ptptn.gov.my, utusan.com.my, webopedia.com

Classification of Network

• Three basic classifications of networks: LAN, MAN, or WAN with each one being different sizes based on the area covered

Local Area Network (LAN)

• It is a network used for computers and devices in limited network areas
• Such as in a home, a school computer lab, single office building, and campus

Local Area Network (LAN) Advantages & Disadvantages

• Advantages:
  • Share data, printers, scanners and external drives
  • Cost of LAN setup is low while also helping share homework and pictures
• Disadvantages:
  • Area covered is limited geographically that the speed is slow when many of the computers are running at the same time

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):

• A high-speed network with connected area networks between city and towns which handles communications
• All of the individual computer-owning residents have equal ability to access the internet

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Advantages and disadvantages

• Advantages:
  • Efficiency and shared access data
  • Residents have equal ability to go online
• Disadvantages:
  • Cost may be significant
  • Connection could be slow

Definition of Wide Area Network (WAN)

• This a specific network which covers a large part of a region and channel which is being using communications

Wide Area Network (WAN) - Further benefits.

• Has the largest system system area network that is running on the system itself.

Wide Area Network (WAN): Advantage & Disadvantages

• Advantages:
  • Increased efficiency with ease of communication
• Disadvantages:
  • Security problems, it has Large Enterprises dedication personnel which it allows to have high security problems.

Network Comparison: LAN, MAN, and WAN

• Setting Up Cost:
  • Low setup cost for LAN compare to the MAN and WAN with having the highest cost set up
• Network Size:
  • LAN has the smallest range of size
  • WAN has the largest
• Speed:
  • LAN has the fastest speed
  • WAN has the slowest
• Computers:
  • LAN is smallest when concerning computers.
  • WAN is the largest when concerning computers.

Explore the origins of the Internet, starting with ARPANET. Understand its initial design, motivations, and impact. Compare dial-up, ISDN, and broadband connections, evaluating their suitability for different needs.