History of Indian Education
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Questions and Answers

Under which Viceroy's tenure was the Rowlatt Act of 1919 enacted?

  • Lord Irwin
  • Lord Chelmsford (correct)
  • Lord Reading
  • Lord Willingdon

    • Which major event led directly to the withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

  • The First Round Table Conference
  • The Gandhi-Irwin Pact (correct)
  • The Dandi March
  • The Simon Commission

    • Who among the following was appointed as Governor of Bihar and Orissa during Lord Chelmsford's tenure?

  • Swami Shraddhanand
  • Sir S.P. Sinha (correct)
  • M.N. Roy
  • Jatin Das

    • Which Viceroy was in office when the Moplah rebellion took place in Kerala?

    <p>Lord Reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which university started functioning in 1922?

    <p>Vishwabharati University</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which Viceroy's tenure did the First Round Table Conference take place?

    <p>Lord Irwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events did NOT occur during Lord Reading's tenure?

    <p>Civil Disobedience Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy during Lord Chelmsford's tenure?

    <p>Saddler Commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leaders did NOT play an important role in the Swadeshi movement?

    <p>Gopal Krishna Gokhale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did the Indian National Congress adopt Swaraj as the goal of the Indian people?

    <p>1906</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary aims of the Indian Councils Act of 1909?

    <p>To create a separate electorate for Muslims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which session of the Indian National Congress resulted in its split into Extremists and Moderates?

    <p>Surat Session</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was the Ghadar Party founded?

    <p>United States and Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marked the laying of the foundation stone of New Delhi?

    <p>Delhi Durbar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was led by Bal, Pal, and Lal after the Indian National Congress split in 1907?

    <p>The Extremists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which publication did the Ghadar Party release to advocate for an end to British rule in India?

    <p>The Ghadar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the founder of India's first women's university?

    <p>D.K. Karve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which society established Fergusson College in 1884?

    <p>Deccan Education Society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who among the following was associated with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha?

    <p>BG Tilak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the Arya Samaj founded?

    <p>1875</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the Political Guru of AO Hume?

    <p>Justice MG Ranade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the motto of Swami Dayanand?

    <p>Go back to the Vedas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who among the following was a key figure in the Young Bengal Movement?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893?

    <p>Vivekananda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the book 'Satyarth Prakash' about?

    <p>Rejection of Puranas and idol worship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Vivekananda meet Sister Nivedita for the first time?

    <p>1895</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the Theosophical Society shifted to India?

    <p>1882</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded the Faraizi Movement and in which year?

    <p>Haji Shariatullah in 1818</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of Satya Shodhak Samaj?

    <p>To fight brahmanic domination and liberate low castes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who encouraged the application of principles of enquiry to religion and founded the Aligarh school?

    <p>Sir Syed Ahmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which journal was founded by Sir Syed Ahmed in 1870?

    <p>Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who claimed to be the incarnation of Krishna and Jesus?

    <p>Mirza Ghulam Ahmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which institution was set up in Deoband in 1866?

    <p>Dar-ul-Ulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's movement mostly focused on?

    <p>Uplifting untouchables by fighting for their educational, legal, and political rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the South Indian Liberal Federation (SILF)?

    <p>To protest against the dominance of Brahmins in government service and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who launched the Self Respect Movement and in which year?

    <p>Periyar or E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in 1925</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded the 'Young Bengal Movement'?

    <p>Henry Louis Vivian Derozio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which society was formed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905?

    <p>Servants of India Society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of the Indian (National) Social Conference?

    <p>Encouraging intercaste marriages and fighting child marriages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Vivekananda's quotes primarily focuses on national pride?

    <p>Be proud that you are an Indian, proudly claim I am an Indian, every Indian is my brother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement was opposed to the abolition of Sati?

    <p>Dharma Sabha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the term 'Adivasi' for tribals?

    <p>Thakkar Bappa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization was also known as the Brahmo Samaj of South?

    <p>Veda Samaj</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary contribution of the Seva Samiti?

    <p>Reforming criminals and rescuing those suffering in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which papers were edited by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio?

    <p>Hesperus and Calcutta Literary Gazette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who started Lokahitawdi and what type of cloth did he wear to the Delhi durbar in 1877?

    <p>Gopal Hari Deshmukh, handspun khadi cloth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the founder of the Deva Samaj?

    <p>Shiv Narain Agnihotri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The drain of wealth theory was first cited by which individuals?

    <p>R.C. Dutta and Dadabhai Naoroji</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marked the beginning of the drain of wealth according to the provided content?

    <p>Battle of Plassey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Theosophical Society shift to India?

    <p>1882</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Aligarh Movement aim to achieve?

    <p>Promote Western education among Muslims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the forms of 'Home charges' mentioned in the content?

    <p>Costs of army training and campaigns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which book did R.C. Dutt write to criticize British policies?

    <p>Economic History of India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the founder of the Aligarh school that later became a college?

    <p>Sir Syed Ahmed Khan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resolution did the Indian National Congress adopt in 1896?

    <p>Criticizing the drain of wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded the Theosophical Society?

    <p>Madam H.P. Blavatsky and Col. H.S. Olcott</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Muslim votes did the Muslim League secure?

    <p>86.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which regions did the Muslim League establish itself as the strongest party among Muslims during the provincial elections?

    <p>Bengal and Sindh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was appointed as the new Secretary of State for India by the newly elected Labour government in Britain after the 1945 elections?

    <p>Sir Pethick Lawrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political figure was acknowledged as the beloved leader of the Pathans in N.W.F.P.?

    <p>Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Indian population could vote in the provincial elections during the 1945-46 general elections?

    <p>Less than 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Shimla Conference for the Muslim League?

    <p>The plan was rejected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the failure of the Shimla Conference according to the passage?

    <p>The no-compromise stance of the Muslim League</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was known for their skill in negotiations and made a coalition possible in Punjab?

    <p>Abul Kalam Azad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which party lost the general elections in Britain, leading to the Labour Party's victory?

    <p>Conservative Party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the anticipated result if Indian leaders accepted the Wavell Plan during the Shimla Conference?

    <p>Scrapping of Section 93</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was responsible for introducing a uniform system of law and government in India?

    <p>The British Rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one key impact of the development of railways, telegraphs, and postal services in India?

    <p>They facilitated the organization of the national movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which language played a significant role in the growth of nationalism in India?

    <p>English</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual is commonly associated with the establishment of the Indian National Congress?

    <p>Allan Octavian Hume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which session of the Indian National Congress was held in Calcutta?

    <p>Eleventh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original name of the Indian National Congress?

    <p>Indian National Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization generated a feeling of regard for the motherland among Indians?

    <p>Ramakrishna Mission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the British economic policy in India?

    <p>Systematic ruin of trade and native industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual represented the business community at the Second Round Table Conference?

    <p>Birla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary demand made by Gandhiji at the Second Round Table Conference?

    <p>Establishment of a responsible government with control over defense, external affairs, and finance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific minority did the Communal Award newly recognize in 1932?

    <p>Depressed Classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was Gandhiji when he began his fast unto death against the Communal Award?

    <p>Yeravada jail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Third Round Table Conference, what major legislative outcome did the discussions lead to?

    <p>Government of India Act, 1935</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who signed the Poona Pact on behalf of the backward classes?

    <p>Dr. B.R. Ambedkar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant administrative change was announced by Ramsay MacDonald during the Second Round Table Conference?

    <p>Creation of a new Muslim majority province, Sind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which delegate represented Indian women at the Second Round Table Conference?

    <p>Sarojini Naidu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Gandhiji's fast and subsequent Poona Pact in terms of electoral representation?

    <p>Increased reserved seats in the Provincial Legislature for the Depressed Classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which significant British legislative document was based on the reports of the Simon Commission?

    <p>White Paper (1933)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of the Sabha established in Calcutta in 1819?

    <p>To encourage religious inquiries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who laid the foundation stone of the Brahmo Samaj of India Tabernacle of New Dispensation?

    <p>Keshab Chandra Sen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the principal difference that led to the division of Brahmo Samaj into Adi Brahmo Samaj and Brahmo Samaj of India?

    <p>Conflicts between Debendranath Tagore and Keshab Chandra Sen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was associated with the construction of Brahmo Mandir and founding Hithakarini School?

    <p>Veeresalingam Pantulu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who edited and published the Indian Mirror initially?

    <p>Manmohan Ghosh and Debendranath Tagore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to Keshab Chandra Sen's followers abandoning him in 1878?

    <p>The underage child marriage of his daughter with the Maharaja of Burdwan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not correctly describe Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu's social reforms?

    <p>Organized campaigns against British colonial rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What minimum ages were established by The Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872 for the groom and the bride respectively?

    <p>21 and 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first president of Sadharana Brahmo Samaj?

    <p>Anand Mohan Bose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social reformer is considered as the Raja Rammohan Roy of Andhra for his contributions?

    <p>Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    History of Indian Reform Movements

    Vivekananda

    • Published two papers: Prabhudha Bharat in English and Udbodhana in Bengali
    • Quotes:
      • No social progress is possible without improving the condition of women
      • So long as millions live in hunger and ignorance, I hold every man a traitor who, having been educated at their expense, pays not the least heed to them
      • Arise, awake, sleep no more. With each of you, there is the power to remove all wants and all miseries
      • Believe in this, that power will be manifested
      • Be proud that you are an Indian, proudly claim I am an Indian, every Indian is my brother

    Dharma Sabha

    • Initiated by Radhakant Deb (first President of British Indian Association) in 1830
    • Opposed to reforms and protected orthodoxy (opposed abolition of Sati), but played an active role in promoting western education even to girls

    Lokahitawadi

    • Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh
    • Advocated western education and a rational outlook
    • Advocated female education for the upliftment of women
    • As a votary of national self-reliance, he attended Delhi durbar in 1877, wearing handspun khadi cloth

    Young Bengal Movement

    • Founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-31)
    • Urged students to live and die for truth, to cultivate and practice all the virtues, shunning vice in every shape
    • Supported women's education and their rights

    Indian (National) Social Conference

    • Founded by M.G.Ranade and Raghunath Rao
    • Held its first session in 1887
    • Main focus was on abolition of polygamy and kulinism and it encouraged intercaste marriages
    • Also pledged to fight child marriages

    Servants of India Society

    • Formed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905 in Poona
    • Did notable work in providing famine relief and in improving the condition of the tribals
    • Members include MC Setalvad, BN Rao, and Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar
    • Member Thakkar Bappa (Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar) gave the word 'Adivasi' for tribals

    Veda Samaj

    • Called Brahmo Samaj of South
    • Started by Sridharalu Naidu & Keshab Chandra Sen when Sen visited Madras in 1864
    • He translated books of Brahmo Dharma into Tamil and Telegu

    Seva Samiti

    • Started by Hridayanath Kunzru, a member of the Servants of India Society, in Allahabad in 1914
    • Aimed to improve the status of the suffering classes, reform criminals, and to rescue those suffering in society

    India's First Women's University

    • Started by D.K.Karve in Bombay in 1916 (now called Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) University)

    Arya Samaj

    • Founded by Swami Dayanand (earlier name, Moolshankar) in Bombay in 1875
    • Motto was 'Go back to the Vedas' and 'India for the Indians'
    • Disregarded Puranas, idol worship, casteism, and untouchability
    • Advocated widow remarriage
    • Believed that good governance is no substitute for self-government
    • Views were published in his famous work, Satyarth Prakash (in Hindi)
    • Also started the 'Shuddhi' movement to convert non-Hindus to Hinduism

    Lord Chelmsford (1916–1921)

    • August Declaration of 1917: control over the Indian government would be gradually transferred to the Indian people
    • The Government of India Act in 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford reforms) was passed
    • Rowlatt Act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919)
    • Non-Cooperation Movement

    Lord Reading (1921–1926)

    • Rowlatt Act was repealed along with the Press Act of 1910
    • Suppressed Non-Cooperation Movement
    • Prince of Wales visited India in November 1921
    • Moplah rebellion (1921) took place in Kerala
    • Ahmedabad session of 1921
    • Formation of Swaraj Party
    • Vishwabharati University started functioning in 1922
    • Communist Party was founded in 1921 by M.N.Roy
    • Kakory Train Robbery on August 9, 1925
    • Communal riots of 1923-25 in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc.

    Lord Irwin (1926–1931)

    • Simon Commission visited India in 1928
    • Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929
    • Dandi March (March 12, 1930)
    • Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
    • First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930
    • Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 5, 1931) was signed and Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn
    • Martyrdom of Jatin Das in Lahore Jail after 64 days hunger strike (1929)

    Lord Willingdon (1931–1936)

    • Second Round Table Conference held in London in 1931

    History of Swadeshi Movement

    • Supported the boycott of British goods and articles
    • Urged Indians to use indigenous goods
    • Had two aspects:
      • Boycott of British made articles
      • Use of Swadeshi articles
    • Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played an important role in the Swadeshi movement
    • Students played a significant role by picketing shops and collecting clothes to make bonfires of them
    • The anti-partition movement developed a sense of nationalism among Indians
    • The Swadeshi movement aimed at reviving moribund small and cottage industries

    Demand for Swaraj (1906)

    • The INC adopted Swaraj (Self-govt) as the goal of Indian people at their meeting in Calcutta

    Surat Session of INC (1907)

    • The INC split into two groups at the Surat session in 1907:
      • The Extremists led by Bal, Pal, and Lal
      • The Moderates led by G.K.Gokhale

    Indian Councils Act or Minto-Morley Reforms (1909)

    • The act aimed at dividing nationalist ranks and rallying Muslims to the government's side
    • The act aimed at creating a separate electorate for Muslims

    Delhi Durbar (1911)

    • King George V and Queen Mary laid the foundation stone of New Delhi at the Delhi Durbar

    Ghadar Party (1913)

    • The Ghadar Party was founded in the United States and Canada by Punjabi Indians
    • The Ghadar Party aimed to secure India’s independence from British rule
    • Key members of the Ghadar Party included Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das, Sohan Singh Bhakna, Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah, Kartar Singh Sarabha, and Rash Behari Bose
    • The Ghadar Party published a weekly paper called The Ghadar that called for brave soldiers to stir up rebellion in India and advocated for the end of British rule
    • The Ghadar Party was popular with Indian expatriates in the United States, Canada, East Africa, and Asia.### Elections of 1945-46
    • The elections witnessed widespread communalism, unlike the past nationalist upsurges.
    • Separate electorates and limited franchise meant only less than 10% of the population could vote in provincial and Central Assembly elections.
    • In the North-West Frontier Province, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a non-violence advocate, was acknowledged as the beloved leader of the Pathans, but the Muslim League could not win a single seat.
    • In Punjab, the Muslim League was relegated to the background, and a Unionist-Akali coalition under Sir Khizar Hayat Khan assumed power.

    Shimla Conference (June 1945)

    • The Shimla Conference was held to create a congenial atmosphere for discussing the plan.
    • All political leaders were released, and invitations were extended to attend the conference on June 29, 1945.
    • Negotiations were carried on for about two weeks with intermittent breaks.
    • On July 14, Lord Wavell announced the plan, which was rejected by the Muslim League.
    • The plan aimed to scrap Section 93 (like Article 356 of the present Constitution) in the provinces and re-establish normal constitutional governments, making it easier to hold general elections in India.

    Why Shimla Conference Failed?

    • The Conference started in a charged atmosphere, with the Congress in a no-win situation.
    • Hindus, who constituted the majority of the population, advocated the Wavell Plan, but Muslims were not willing to compromise.
    • The total Muslim population was around 30% of the consolidated population, with the Congress having won the support of around 20% of them.
    • The Muslim League had the most ardent supporters of its anti-Hindu policy.
    • The life of parity between Hindus and Muslims was a bitter pill for the Congress to accept.

    Second Round Table Conference (1931)

    • Gandhiji represented the INC and attended the conference in London, meeting British PM Ramsay MacDonald.
    • Gandhiji demanded the immediate establishment of a responsible government at the center and in the provinces, with complete control over defense, external affairs, and finance.
    • The session was deadlocked on the minorities, with separate electorates demanded by Muslims, Depressed Classes, Indian Christians, and Anglo-Indians.
    • MacDonald ended the session with an address, announcing the creation of a new Muslim majority province, Sind, and setting up a committee on franchise, financial affairs, and states.

    Communal Award (August 16, 1932)

    • The Communal Award was announced by Ramsay MacDonald, showcasing the British divide and rule policy.
    • The Award declared the Depressed Classes as minorities, entitled to separate electorates, and sparked Gandhiji's fast unto death in Yeravada jail.

    Poona Pact (September 25, 1932)

    • The Poona Pact was reached after mass meetings and negotiations between Gandhiji, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, and Madan Mohan Malaviya.
    • The Pact abandoned the idea of separate electorate for the Depressed Classes, but increased reserved seats for them in the Provincial Legislature and the Imperial Legislature.
    • The Pact agreed upon a joint electorate for upper and lower castes.

    Third Round Table Conference (1932)

    • The conference proved fruitless, with most national leaders in prison, and led to the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.

    Government of India Act, 1935

    • The Act was based on the Simon Commission report and the White Paper on constitutional reforms.
    • The Congress rejected the 1935 Act and demanded the convening of a Constituent Assembly elected on the basis of adult franchise to frame a constitution for an independent India.

    Factors Promoting the Growth of Indian Nationalism

    Political Unity

    • The British rule introduced a uniform system of law and government, uniting most regions in India under a single power.

    Development of Communication and Transport

    • The introduction of railways, telegraphs, and postal services, and the construction of roads and canals facilitated communication among people, bringing Indians closer together.

    English Language and Western Education

    • The English language played a crucial role in generating a feeling of regard for the motherland among English-educated Indians, who led the national movement.

    The Role of the Press

    • The Indian Press, both free and vernacular, aroused consciousness and contributed to the national movement.

    Social and Religious Movements

    • Leaders of various organizations like the Brahmo Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Arya Samaj, and Theosophical Society generated a feeling of regard for the motherland.

    Economic Exploitation by the British

    • The British economic policy created anti-British feeling by systematically ruining trade and native industries.

    Formation of the Indian National Congress (INC)

    • The Congress was formed in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant, to weld Indians together for their political advancements.
    • The first session of the Congress was held in 1885, with 72 delegates attending, and was initially called the Indian National Union.
    • The name was later changed to the Indian National Congress on the advice of Dadabhai Naoroji.

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