CH 9: History of Evolutionary Thought
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Questions and Answers

Who proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution?

  • Niles Eldredge
  • Stephen Jay Gould
  • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
  • Charles Darwin (correct)
  • How did Darwin's theory differ from Lamarck's?

  • Darwin focused on new trait development through use or disuse.
  • Darwin believed in the inheritance of acquired traits.
  • Darwin advocated for punctuated equilibrium.
  • Darwin emphasized natural variation within a species. (correct)
  • What concept is suggested by punctuated equilibrium?

  • Gradual transitions in the fossil record
  • Random variation and selective survival
  • Smooth, continuous evolution
  • Long periods of stability interrupted by rapid bursts of change (correct)
  • Which theory explains why the fossil record may show sudden changes?

    <p>Punctuated equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fundamental concept behind Darwin's theory of natural selection?

    <p>Random variation and selective survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist proposed punctuated equilibrium as a theory of evolution?

    <p>Stephen Jay Gould</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did punctuated equilibrium differ from traditional gradual evolution?

    <p>It suggested rapid bursts of significant change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory highlighted random variation and selective survival as key components of evolution?

    <p>'Darwinism'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the theory of Lamarckism in the early 19th century?

    <p>Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for Lamarck's theory?

    <p>Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lamarckism, how do organisms pass on traits to their offspring?

    <p>Through acquired characteristics during their lifetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lamarck propose as the reason for giraffes developing long necks?

    <p>Acquired trait from ancestor behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Lamarckism later debunked by scientists?

    <p>Because acquired traits cannot be passed through genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the concept that body parts used extensively become stronger and better developed?

    <p>Law of Use and Disuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist's theory was widely accepted at the time but later disproved due to new scientific evidence?

    <p>Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concept of Lamarckism implied that unused body parts would deteriorate over time?

    <p>'Use it or Lose it'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics' is associated with which evolutionary biologist?

    <p>Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lamarck, what happens to body parts that are not used by an organism?

    <p>They shrink and disappear over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Charles Darwin propose as the mechanism of evolution in his work 'On the Origin of Species'?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Darwin's theory differ from Lamarck's theory of evolution?

    <p>Darwin emphasized adaptation to the environment based on existing variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that species undergo long periods of stability interrupted by short bursts of significant change?

    <p>Punctuated equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept was a significant shift in evolutionary thought represented by Darwin's theory?

    <p>Random variation and selective survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory introduced the idea that evolution does not have an inherent drive toward perfection or complexity?

    <p>Punctuated equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Darwin, what allows certain individuals to survive and reproduce more effectively than others?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did punctuated equilibrium explain regarding the fossil record?

    <p>Sudden changes followed by long periods without noticeable change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evolutionary biologist proposed a theory that suggested species undergo long periods of stability interrupted by short, rapid bursts of significant change?

    <p>Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental concept did Lamarck's theory emphasize regarding the development of traits?

    <p>Inheritance of acquired characteristics through use or disuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory added complexity to the understanding of evolution by suggesting that the pace of evolution is not constant?

    <p>Punctuated equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key ideas proposed by Lamarck in his theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

    <p>Organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Lamarck's theory suggest regarding the development of body parts in organisms?

    <p>Body parts used extensively deteriorate over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Lamarckism was later contradicted by new scientific evidence?

    <p>The law of use and disuse regarding body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Lamarckism, what was suggested as the reason for giraffes developing long necks?

    <p>Stretching behavior of ancestors to reach higher leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key element of evolutionary thought did Lamarckism focus on?

    <p>Inheritance of acquired characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major scientific advancement played a role in debunking Lamarckism as a valid evolutionary theory?

    <p>Understanding that genetic traits are passed through genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Lamarck explain the development of certain body parts in organisms according to his theory?

    <p>'Use and disuse' concept based on an organism's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a fundamental principle behind Lamarck's theory that was later refuted by new scientific understanding?

    <p>Organisms passing on acquired traits to their offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the criticisms against Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

    <p>It lacked empirical support from controlled experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Lamarckism was contradicted by the understanding that genetic traits are passed through genes?

    <p>The inheritance of acquired characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key aspect of Lamarckism was refuted by the understanding that genetic traits are passed through genes and cannot be altered by an individual's experiences or behavior?

    <p>The theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept of Lamarckism implied that unused body parts deteriorate over time?

    <p>The law of use and disuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason Lamarckism was later debunked by new scientific evidence?

    <p>Discovery of the role of genes in inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental concept was a cornerstone of Lamarck's theory regarding the development of traits in organisms?

    <p>Inheritance of acquired characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evolutionary theory introduced the idea that body parts used extensively become stronger and better developed while those not used deteriorate?

    <p>Lamarckism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key principle behind Lamarckism was later contradicted by new scientific understanding?

    <p>The law of use and disuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Lamarck suggest that giraffes developed long necks?

    <p>Because their ancestors stretched their necks to reach higher leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant aspect of Darwin's theory distinguished it from Lamarckism?

    <p>Focus on adaptation to the environment based on existing variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary criticisms against Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

    <p>It was inconsistent with the understanding of natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key concept introduced by Darwin's theory contributed to the understanding of evolution?

    <p>Random variation and selective survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lamarckism propose as a mechanism for organisms passing on traits to their offspring?

    <p>The inheritance of acquired characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant departure of punctuated equilibrium from traditional gradual evolution?

    <p>Short, rapid bursts of significant change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant shift in evolutionary thought did Darwin's theory bring about in contrast to Lamarckism?

    <p>The emphasis on inherited genetic variation rather than acquired traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Darwin, what allows certain individuals to survive and reproduce more effectively than others?

    <p>Variations that make certain individuals more fit for their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist's theory proposed that species undergo long periods of stability interrupted by short bursts of significant change?

    <p>Stephen Jay Gould</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did punctuated equilibrium explain regarding transitions in the fossil record?

    <p>Sudden changes followed by long periods without noticeable change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a fundamental concept suggested by Lamarck regarding the development of body parts in organisms?

    <p>Body parts used extensively become stronger and better developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept was a significant shift represented by Darwin's theory compared to Lamarckism?

    <p>Focus on existing variations for adaptation to environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a fundamental idea proposed by Lamarck in his theory?

    <p>Body parts used extensively become stronger and better developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory added complexity to the understanding of evolution by suggesting that evolution's pace is not constant?

    <p>Punctuated Equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

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