History of Evolutionary Thought - Chapter 19
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of stomata in plant leaves?

  • To transport water and minerals throughout the leaf
  • To protect the leaf from herbivores
  • To provide structural support to the leaf
  • To regulate gas exchange and evaporation (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the zone of differentiation?

  • The region where cells elongate and increase in size
  • The protective layer of cells on the exterior of the root
  • The area of active cell division in the root tip
  • The zone where cells complete their maturation into distinct cell types (correct)

    • What happens to the epidermis during the early stages of secondary growth in a stem or root?

  • It becomes the primary tissue for water and mineral transport.
  • It transforms into cork cells.
  • It thickens and becomes more rigid.
  • It is pushed outward, splits, dries, and falls off. (correct)

    • What is the cork cambium and its primary function?

    <p>A cylinder of dividing cells; produces cork cells for protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately distinguishes between heartwood and sapwood?

    <p>Heartwood is older, darker, and non-functioning, while sapwood is younger and functioning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the bottleneck effect?

    <p>A drastic reduction in population size due to a sudden event, resulting in a non-representative gene pool. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of the prairie chickens, the bottleneck effect led to which of the following?

    <p>A decrease in genetic variation, likely increasing harmful allele frequency, and decreased egg hatching rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does diploidy have on genetic variation within a population?

    <p>It preserves genetic variation by allowing recessive alleles to be maintained even if they're not outwardly expressed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way that natural selection can alter the frequency of traits in a population?

    <p>Random mutation, without influence from the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between intersexual and intrasexual selection?

    <p>Intrasexual selection involves male competition while intersexual selection involves female choice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept defines a species as a population capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring?

    <p>Biological Species Concept (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation?

    <p>Prezygotic barriers impede fertilization, while postzygotic barriers impair hybrid offspring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of natural selection, what is 'adaptive evolution'?

    <p>The process by which traits that enhance survival or reproduction become more common. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of descent with modification?

    <p>Shared ancestry resulting in shared characteristics with accumulated differences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of limited resources in the process of natural selection?

    <p>They lead to a struggle for survival, primarily affecting those with advantageous traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a key observation made by Darwin regarding populations?

    <p>Members of a population show variations in their inherited traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evolutionary pattern is characterized by a linear progression of an ancestral species changing over time?

    <p>Anagenesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of heritable variation within a population?

    <p>Mutations and sexual recombination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'gene pool' refer to?

    <p>The total aggregate of genes in a population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a primary mechanism for evolutionary change in a population?

    <p>Non-heritable variation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of genetic drift?

    <p>It can lead to the loss of genetic variation within populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the founder effect a specific example of?

    <p>Genetic drift affecting the gene pool of a new population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between anagenesis and cladogenesis?

    <p>Anagenesis results in a linear progression, while cladogenesis creates branched paths. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of geographic isolation in allopatric speciation?

    <p>It prevents interbreeding and gene flow between populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a hybrid zone, which outcome results in increased reproductive barriers between two species?

    <p>Reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hybrid zones, 'stability' refers to:

    <p>A zone where interbreeding continues but fails to create fully fertile offspring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the fusion outcome in hybrid zones?

    <p>The two species gradually mixing back into one due to absence of significant barriers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of systematists using various data types?

    <p>To infer evolutionary relationships between different groups of organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly sequences the Linnaean system of classification from the broadest to most specific level?

    <p>domain—&gt;kingdom—&gt;phylum—&gt;class—&gt;order—&gt;family—&gt;genus—&gt; species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be concluded from a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>It hypothesizes patterns of descent and common ancestry. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A phylogenetic tree shows _________ but not _________.

    <p>patterns of descent; exact evolutionary timelines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a branch (node) represent in a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>The common ancestor of two evolutionary lineages diverging from it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the relationship between 'sister taxa'?

    <p>Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor not shared by others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an 'outgroup' in constructing a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>To provide a comparison point to infer which character traits are ancestral. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing factor of a homologous structure?

    <p>Independent evolution of a similar trait. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wings of birds and bats are considered an example of what?

    <p>Analogous structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of ‘homoplasy’ in evolutionary biology?

    <p>Similar traits that independently evolved in different species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cladistics in biological classification?

    <p>The study of common ancestry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a monophyletic clade?

    <p>A grouping that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'shared derived character'?

    <p>A trait present in a group of organisms but not present in their common ancestor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary organs of vascular plants?

    <p>Roots, stems, and leaves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the perforation plates found in vessel elements?

    <p>To facilitate the free flow of water between vessel elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic that differentiates tracheids from vessel elements?

    <p>Tracheids have tapered ends while vessel elements form long pipes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of companion cells in the phloem?

    <p>To load sugars into sieve tube elements and perform other metabolic functions for them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of indeterminate growth in plants?

    <p>A process where specialized tissues divide perpetually, allowing for continuous growth throughout the plant's life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of sieve tube elements that facilitates the easy flow of nutrients?

    <p>The lack of a nucleus, ribosomes, a distinct vacuole, and cytoskeletal elements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are apical meristems primarily located in plants?

    <p>At the tips of roots and shoots, and in the axillary buds of shoots. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to water transport, what is a primary feature that facilitates water movement between cells in xylem?

    <p>The disintegration of cell contents, allowing water to flow through the remaining cell walls. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant structures undergo determinate growth?

    <p>Leaves, thorns, and flowers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 19: History of Evolutionary Thought

    • Aristotle and Plato viewed the natural world as imperfect representations of a perfect world. They introduced the scala naturae, arranging life forms in a hierarchy of complexity.

    • Linnaeus developed taxonomy, a system for naming and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. He focused on groups and naming, but Darwin argued for classification based on evolutionary relationships.

    • Cuvier observed fossils in strata (layers of rock). He noticed species disappearing and emerging, proposing catastrophism—local species being destroyed by events.

    • Lamarck studied fossils and proposed lines of descent. He suggested that organisms have an innate drive to become more complex, and that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed down to offspring. Although Darwin disagreed with part of his idea, he agreed with the idea that traits are passed down in inheritance.

    • Hutton proposed gradualism—the idea that geological changes happen slowly over time.

    • Lyell expanded on Hutton's ideas, arguing that geological processes occurring now are the same as those in the past, and that the Earth must be very old. He proposed biological uniformitarianism, the concept that evolution occurs over long periods of time.

    Natural Selection

    • Natural selection results from the interaction between individuals' heritable traits and their environment. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support, so only those with advantageous traits survive.

    • Survival and reproduction of those with advantageous traits leads to the accumulation of these beneficial traits in subsequent generations.

    Anagenesis and Cladogenesis

    • Anagenesis refers to a gradual change in a lineage over time, replacing an older species with a newer one.

    • Cladogenesis is where a lineage splits, with each branch diversifying in different ways.

    Chapter 20: Evolution of Populations

    • Genetic variation, or differences in genes among individuals, is a fundamental requirement for evolution.

    • Heritable variation is passed down, while non-heritable variation isn't.

    • The gene pool consists of all the alleles (different forms of genes) in a population.

    • Sexual reproduction shuffles alleles through recombination.

    • Evolution in populations is affected by natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.

    Gene Flow

    • Gene flow—the transfer of alleles between populations—can alter allele frequencies.

    Natural Selection

    • Natural selection is the process in which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common over time. This results in adaption.

    Genetic Drift

    • Genetic drift—random fluctuations in allele frequencies—has more impact on smaller populations. Bottleneck and Founder effect are examples of this.

    Founder Effect

    • Founder effect occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to a different gene pool compared to the original population.

    Chapter 20: Phylogeny and Systematics

    • Systematists use morphological, biochemical, and molecular data to infer evolutionary relationships—that is how organisms are related.

    • Binomial nomenclature systematizes the scientific names of species (Genus species).

    • Phylogenetic trees hypothesize evolutionary relationships between organisms, including shared ancestors.

    Homology vs. Analogy

    • Homology refers to similarities due to shared ancestry.

    • Analogy refers to similarities due to convergent evolution (unrelated organisms independently developing the same traits in similar environments). Homoplasy is an example of analogy.

    Cladistics

    • Cladistics is a method of classification based on shared derived traits (traits that appeared in a lineage more recently).

    Clades

    • Monophyletic clades include an ancestral species and all its descendants.

    • Paraphyletic clades include the ancestral species and some, but not all, descendants.

    • Polyphyletic clades do not include the ancestral species but do include distantly related species.

    Chapter 28: Plant Growth, Structure, and Development

    • Vascular plants have roots, stems, and leaves.

    • Roots anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients. Taproots are central, while fibrous roots spread out.

    • Stems support and transport substances. Modified stems store food (bulbs, tubers).

    • Leaves are primary sites for photosynthesis, with various adaptations for different environments (e.g., spines, tendrils).

    • Plants grow their entire lives (indeterminate growth) but various organs (e.g., leaves) have determinate growth.

    Apical and Lateral Meristems

    • Apical meristems are at the tips of roots and shoots – responsible for primary growth (lengthening).

    • Lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium) are responsible for secondary growth (increasing girth/thickness).

    Ground, Dermal, and Vascular Tissues

    • Ground tissue—main photosynthetic and storage region.

    • Dermal tissue—outer protective layer.

    • Vascular tissue—xylem and phloem transport water, nutrients, and sugars.

    Vascular Tissue Components

    • Tracheids and vessel elements are water-conducting elements in xylem.

    • Sieve tube elements and companion cells conduct sugars in phloem.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts and figures in the history of evolutionary thought with a focus on Aristotle, Linnaeus, Cuvier, Lamarck, and Hutton. Understand how their ideas shaped our understanding of evolution, taxonomy, and the gradual changes in species over time. Test your knowledge on the major theories and frameworks that laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology.

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