History of Digital Media: Print to Digital

History and Evolution of Digital Media: From Print to Digital

• The history of media is a narrative of technological advances and societal changes
• The evolution began with print media advancing to the digital revolution
• Each expansion brought new methods for the creation, distribution, and consumption of information
• The transition from print to digital has significantly altered human communication
• The change has reshaped industries, cultures, and behaviors

Print Media Era (Pre-20th Century)

• Encompasses all physically printed media on paper
• Examples include newspapers, books, magazines, and pamphlets

Key Developments

• In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg's movable-type printing press revolutionized written material production
• Mass book production increased accessibility to information for the general public
• In the 17th century, the first newspapers emerged in Europe, which provided consistent news and event updates
• Journalism emerged as a profession at this time
• The 19th century introduced mass-circulation magazines which catered to a variety of interests and demographics
• Print media was key in sharing knowledge, spreading ideas, and building public opinion
• Modern journalism and mass communication were built on this concept

Broadcast Media Era (Early 20th Century)

• Defines the distribution of audio and video content to a broad audience through radio and television

Key Developments

• Radio broadcasting was invented in the 1920s and allowed real-time audio communication over great distances
• Radio became a popular medium for entertainment, news, and music
• Television emerged in the 1940s and 1950s and combined audio and visual components
• Storytelling and information sharing were amplified in this period
• It became the dominant source of entertainment and news consumption
• Broadcast media brought a new era of mass communication by providing real-time access to entertainment and information
• Broadcast media aided in shaping public opinion and culture

Digital Revolution (Late 20th Century)

• Represents the change from analog electronics and mechanical devices to digital technology
• Specifically in computing and telecommunications

Key Developments

• Personal computers developed in the 1980s and made digital technology accessible to individuals and businesses
• Created digital content and the rise of the software industry
• In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and revolutionized information access and distribution
• The Internet became a global network of interconnected computers which enabled instant communication and sharing of digital content
• Smartphones and tablets proliferated in the 2000s, accelerating the digital revolution
• Mobile devices allowed users to access digital media anytime and anywhere
• The digital evolution transformed all aspects of media, from content creation and distribution to interaction and consumption
• New types of communication and business models were created, which democratized access to information

Key Milestones in Media Technology

• The history of media technology is a series of breakthroughs that transformed how information is consumed, distributed, and created
• Milestones have reshaped society and culture and advanced media capabilities

1940s-1950s: The Birth of Digital Computing

• ENIAC (1945): The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the very first, general-purpose electronic computer
• Beginning of the digital computing era
• Transistor (1947): Bell Labs invented the transistor, which revolutionized electronics
• Allowed computers to become smaller, faster, and more efficient
• These changes created grounds for the digital revolution, giving rise to digital media and the internet

1960s-1970s: The Rise of the Internet

• ARPANET (1969): The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first network to use Internet Protocol (IP)
• Considered the earliest version of the internet
• Email (1971): The invention of email by Ray Tomlinson allowed for instant electronic communication
• Enhanced how people communicate with one another
• The development of the internet and email enabled global communication and information sharing

1980s: The Personal Computer Revolution

• IBM PC (1981): The debut of the IBM Personal Computer (PC) made computing available to businesses and individuals
• Leading to the widespread use of personal computers
• CD-ROM (1985): The Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) provided storage and distribution for digital data consisting of text, images and audio
• The PC revolution broadened access to digital technology and allowed individuals to create and consume digital media

1990s: The World Wide Web and Digital Media

• World Wide Web (1989): Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, generating a system for accessing and sharing information over the internet
• MP3 (1993): The development of the MP3 audio format revolutionized the music industry
• Allowed for the digital distribution of music
• Streaming Media (1995): RealNetworks introduced RealAudio
• Opened the door for streaming media, allowed users to stream audio and watch video by way of the internet
• The internet became a central platform for content creation, distribution, and consumption

2000s: The Mobile and Social Media Revolution

• iPhone (2007): Apple changed the mobile industry with the launch of the iPhone
• Smartphones became the primary devices of accessing digital media
• Social Media (2004-2006): Platforms such as Facebook (2004), YouTube (2005), and Twitter (2006) restructured how consumed and shared content
• This lead to the rise of social media
• 2000s saw collaboration in social and mobile media
• Created new possibilities for content creation, communication, and marketing

2010s: The Age of Streaming and AI

• Netflix (2007): Netflix shifted from a DVD rental service to a streaming platform
• Revolutionized the entertainment industry
• AI and Machine Learning (2010s): Advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning enabled new forms of content creation, recommendation systems, and data analysis
• 2010s saw the rise of streaming services with the integration of AI in media
• This provided personalized and efficient media applications
• Innovation, adaptation and continuous progress drives the key milestones in media technology
• Each breakthrough brings new capabilities and opportunities
• Understanding milestones is essential for easily navigating the media landscape

Types of Digital Media

• Digital media includes a broad variety of content types, each having its own characteristics and uses
• Understanding the differences is key for effective communication and content creation

Text

• Digital text is any written content created, distributed and stored in digital form

Characteristics

• Digital text can be easily edited, formatted and hyperlinked
• Accessible on a variety of devices, from smartphones to computers
• Easily searched and indexed

Examples

• Include e-books, blogs, online articles, social media posts, and emails

Images

• Digital images are visual representations of objects, scenes or graphics created, distributed and stored in digital form

Characteristics

• Successfully capture attention and convey emotions
• Digital images can be resized, edited and enhanced through software
• Digital image file size can be compressed without high reduction in quality

Formats

• include JPEG, PNG, GIF, SVG

Examples

• Photographs, infographics, memes, digital art and icons

Audio

• Digital audio defines sound that is recorded, stored and distributed in digital form

Characteristics

• Digital audio files can be easily transferred and played on a variety of devices because of its portability
• Recorded and played with high fidelity
• It can be streamed over the internet

Formats

• include MP3, WAV, AAC

Examples

• Include podcasts, audiobooks, music streaming, sound effects, and voice messages

Video

• Digital video is visual moving content that is recorded, distributed and stored in digital form

Characteristics

• Video combines visual and auditory elements and is engaging for storytelling
• Suitable for a variety of applications, from entertainment to education
• It can be streamed over the internet

Formats

• Include MP4, AVI, MOV

Examples

• Include streaming services like Netflix and Hulu, video ads and YouTube videos

Multimedia

• Multimedia defines content that combines multiple forms of media and creates an interactive experience
• Includes Video, Audio, Images and Text

Characteristics

• Often includes interactive elements, such as clickable links, animations, and buttons
• Content is engaging and appeals to multiple senses
• Allows for user interaction
• Requires a combination of skills and tools like video editing, graphic design, and programming

Examples

• Interactive websites, digital presentations,video games, and educational software

Characteristics and Differences of Media Types

Text

• Conveys detailed information and complex ideas effectively
• Digital text can be easily indexed and searched
• Text can be found on a wide range of devices and is accessible for those with disabilities

Limitations

• Text alone may not be as engaging as visual or auditory learning
• Can be open to misunderstanding or misinterpretation

Images

• Effective for capturing emotion and attention
• Can portray multifaceted ideas in a simple way
• Visual content is more memorable than text alone

Limitations

• May require additional explanation or context
• High quality images may impact storage and loading times because of large file sizes

Audio

• Highly effective for creating a sense of intimacy and conveying emotion
• Portability of content can be consumed on the go, for podcasts and music
• Accessible to those with visual impairment

Limitations

• Listener's undivided attention is needed
• Production quality will detract from the experience if poor

Video

• High engagement because of visual and auditory elements
• Suited for a wide range of applications from entertainment to education
• Creates of presence and enhances emotion

Limitations

• Requires expertise, resources and time to create high quality video content
• Large in file size, which can impact video storage and loading times

Multimedia

• Includes interactive elements
• Appeals to multiple senses as it engages the user
• Can engage with way to relay complex ideas and information

Limitations

• Combines the tools and skills of graphic design, video editing, and programming
• May not be accessible to those with disabilities

Key Concepts in Digital Media

Digitalization

• The process of turning analog information to digital so that computers can process it
• Digitalization allows for the distribution ,editing, and storage of media in a flexible and efficient way

Interactivity

• Users' ability to engage with media through scrolling, clicking and commenting
• Increases user engagement and allows for personalized experiences

Multimedia

• Joining many forms of media into one single digital platform
• By creating rich and engaging content, multimedia becomes very valuable

Convergence

• Joining traditional media with digital technologies
• Ability to access content across multiple devices
• Expands the reach of all content and blurs the lines of many media types

User-Generated Content (UGC)

• Content is shared and created by users, instead of only professional users
• UCG broadens content creation and builds community engagement

Streaming

• Distributing audio and video content over the internet
• Does not require any downloading
• Transformed how media is being consumed

Digital Distribution

• Electronic delivery of media content directly to consumers by way of the internet
• Reduces costs and eliminates physical barriers

Social Media Platforms

• Give users online services that allow users to share, create and interact with content and other users

Key Platforms

• Facebook: Users connect with friends and join groups to share content
• Twitter: Share short messages (tweets), and participate in real-time conversations
• Instagram: Share photos and videos that focuses on visual content
• LinkedIn: Connect with colleagues, find job opportunities, and share professional content
• TikTok: Create and share short-form 15-second videos

Characteristics

• Social media platforms depend on generated content
• This concept is interactive and dynamic
• It is ideal for events and up-to-date news, as it promotes real-time communication and engagement
• Platforms enable users to build communities based on causes and shared interests

Streaming Services

• Platforms that distribute audio and video over the internet, without needing to download anything

Key Platforms

• Netflix: Broad range of movies, original content, and TV shows on a subscription basis
• Spotify: Millions of podcasts and songs available to stream
• YouTube: Viewers are able to view, upload, and share video
• Twitch: Focused on esports, video game streaming, and live content

Characteristics

• Convenient access at any time
• Operated on a subscription basis that generates steady revenue
• Continuing to invest in originally created content to entice and keep subscribers

Websites

• A single domain that consists a collection of web pages that are hosted online

Personal Websites

• Individuals create websites to showcase their brand

Characteristics

• Portfolio : Professionally display work from photographers, writers, and artists
• Blogs: Share thoughts and expertise
• Resume/CV: Act as digital resumes, highlighting skill set and achievements

Examples

• Personal branding sites, personal blogs, and online portfolios

Use Cases

• Connect with potential clients, creatives, freelancers, and professionals

Business/Corporate Websites

• Represent an organization online

Characteristics

• Branding: Messaging, colors, and logos that reflect a company's brand
• Provides details about the company, like services, a mission statement, team, and history
• Includes phone numbers, addresses, or forms available for the customer to inquire

Examples

• Small local businesses and official websites for large businesses like Apple or Microsoft

Use Cases

• Attract customers, establish credibility, and provide information

E-Commerce Websites

• Platforms where products and services are sold directly to consumers

Characteristics

• Display products with images, descriptions, and prices
• Shopping carts to add products and proceed to checkout
• Secured payment options with credit cards or digital wallets
• User accounts that allows for order tracking and personalized experiences

Examples

• Shopify-based stores, Amazon, and eBay

Use Cases

• Retailers sell services and products online

Educational Websites

• Offers information and resources for students, teachers, and learners

Characteristics

• Online courses, tutorials, and content for education
• Discussion boards and forums
• Resource Libraries

Examples

• University websites, Coursera, and Khan Academy

Use Cases

• Education platforms and institutions deliver education and training

News and Magazine Websites

• Disseminate articles, news, and multimedia content to engage and inform readers

Characteristics

• Sections divided into entertainment, sports, technology, and politics
• Informs with images, infographics, and videos
• Regular updates for news articles

Examples

• The New York Times, CNN, and BBC

Use Cases

• News organizations and publishers engage readers and disseminate content

Social Media Websites

• Platforms to create, share, and interact with others

Characteristics

• Able to create personal or business profiles
• Enables images, videos, and text to be shared
• Interaction with features like likes and shares

Examples

• LinkedIn, Twitter< Instagram, and Facebook

Use Cases

• Community building, marketing, networking

Blog Websites

• Platforms where people opine, publish, and share articles

Characteristics

• Reverse chronological order
• Categories that help organize content by topic
• Readers engage through the author and other readers in comment sections

Examples

• Medium ,WordPress blogs, and personal blogs

Use Cases

• Share expertise, updates, and insights

Entertainment Websites

• Leisure contents such as music, games, and celebrity news

Characteristics

• Multimedia content with music, videos, and games
• Promote user interface with reviews, comments, and sharing
• Subscription models with premium content

Examples

• Netflix, YouTube, and Spotify

Use Cases

• To engage audiences, content creators and media companies engage users on these websites

Nonprofit and Charity Websites

• Solicit donations and promote awareness

Characteristics

• Clearly state the goal or mission statement

Examples

• Local charity websites, UNICEF, and the Red Cross

Use Cases

• For recruitment, funds, and spread awareness

Government Websites

• Relate to government agencies and provide public services

Characteristics

• Public information: resources like tax forms and legal documents
• Service portals: assist with paying and renewing licenses
• Provide multilingual support

Examples

• NHS(UK), USA.gov
• Governments use to provide citizens with essential services and communications

Forum and Community Websites

• Share knowledge, ask questions, and provide users a place to discuss topics

Characteristics

• Organized by topic
• Users ask questions and answer and comment
• Moderators ensure community guidelines are implemented

Examples

• Stack Overflow, Quora, and Reddit
• Networking, knowledge sharing and community building are all aided by these sites
• Showcase writing samples, design projects, and photography

Characteristics

• Highlight completed projects and case studies
• Provide contact information for potential or current clients

Examples

• Dribbble, Behance, and personal portfolio sites

Use Cases

• Creatives and professionals draw in different workplace opportunities

Landing Pages

• Single-page websites designed for marketing and campaigns

Characteristics

• Focus on concentrate
• Minimal navigation to focus the content
• Oriented towards conversion

Examples

• Product launches and event registration

Use Cases

• Measures campaign success by driving specific actions

Wiki Websites

• Organize and create content collaboratively

Characteristics

• Edited and created by users
• Links articles through topics for easy navigation
• Tracks changes and allows reverting to previous versions

Examples

• Internal company wikis, Fandom, and Wikipedia

Use Cases

• Documentation, collaborative content creation, and knowledge sharing all use wiki sites

Web Portals

• These websites provide assistance from multiple sources

Characteristics

• Users personalize with news feed and widgets
• Combines multiple sources in one single place
• Require personalized access with user accounts

Examples

• Yahoo, AOL and company intranets

Use Cases

• Services are centralized for convenience

Trends in Digital Media: Mobile Media, Digital Advertising, VR

• Technological developments and evolving customer behaviours are constantly changing the digital media landscape
• Understanding latest trends helps with adapting

Mobile Media

• Digital content is consumed and created on tablets and smartphones

Trends

• Implementing mobile-first designs that ensure content is optimized for mobile viewing
• Apps have generated a channel for accessing digital media

Digital Advertising

• By way of social media, websites, and search engines, it is used to promote services and products

Trends

• Advertisers can reach specific audiences and have personalized messages due to the AI enabled data analytics
• Automated systems buys and places ads in real-time
• Leverages content to increase customer reach
• Concerns rise with data security

Virtual Reality

• By way of a computer, simulations of a three-dimensional environment can be generated

Trends

• Creates gaming experiences and educational experiences
• Brands see value and create memorable experiences for their customer
• In different industries like healthcare, simulations and training have become applicable

Tools Review: Industry-Standard Tools

• Digital media production software is important for editing, creating, and managing digital content
• These tools meet many different aspects of media production, from basic editing to the utilization of advanced animations and effects

Adobe Photoshop:

• A raster graphics editor published by Adobe Inc
• Used for image editing, graphic design, and digital art

Key Features

• Layers: allows users to operate with multiple layers, that creates non-destructive editing
• Filters and Effects: images applied enhanced or altered their appearance
• Text Tools: ability to modify text
• Selection Tools: Allows for precise editing to specific parts of an image
• Retouching Tools: Used for repairing and retouching images
• Photo editing with digital art is used for web graphics

Adobe Premiere:

• It is timeline-based and video editing that is developed by Adobe Inc
• Great for video editing capabilities

Key Features

• Timeline Editing: Arranging and editing video clips through a Premiere Pro interface
• Support: Edit footage from multiple cameras for multi-camera productions
• Apply video clips a wide range of transitions and effects
• Adjust levels, mix and adjust audio with basic audio editing tools

GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)

• It an open raster graphics editor which permits freehand drawing and editing

Key Features

• Interface is customizable: It allows for a custom workflow
• Used for image retouching and editing where the interface is tailored to suit the user's workflow.

Basic Image Creation and Editing Techniques

• Raster graphics are composed of pigments and form images

Characteristics

• Image quality is high
• Scale limited

Vector Graphics:

• Defined by mathematical equations

Characteristics

• Scalable and High quality
• Limitations with detailed visuals when dealing with photos

Basic Editing Techniques

• Cropping: removing unwanted features
• Improves the overall composition

Techniques

• Utilizes the subject to compose the third grid
• Maintains the aspect ratio to look natural
• Color Correction: Adjust colors in the image
• By adjusting the overall appearance, balance colors, and make the colors natural

Video & Audio Editing Fundamentals

• Removes unwanted features
• Align to adjust start and end points

Techniques

• Utilizes smooth video and enhances movements
• The tools are available on Adobe Premiere software that are used for audio trimming
• Smoothes a clip or allows moving to create transitions

Define Effect

• To alter appearance of videos
  • Color correction
  • Add filters with different styles

Audio Levels

• Volume of different audios in a video
• Adjust levels
• Mixing to increase the levels of multiple to form sound