History of Dental Ceramics

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Questions and Answers

Who patented the first porcelain tooth material?

Stockton

de Chemant and Duchateau (correct)

Charles Lindbergh

Fonzi

What invention did Fonzi introduce in 1808?

Terrometallic porcelain teeth (correct)

A baking process for dental materials

Mass production of porcelain teeth

Feldspathic porcelain crowns

Which dentist introduced porcelain teeth to the United States?

Ash

Planteau (correct)

Dr. Charles Land

Peale

What issue was primarily related to the use of porcelain crowns introduced by Dr. Charles Land in 1903?

High incidence of fractures Signup and view all the answers

In what year did commercial production of porcelain teeth begin?

1825 Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary issues with feldspathic porcelains used in all-ceramic crowns?

Low flexural strength Signup and view all the answers

What significant advancement related to porcelain was patented in 1959?

Formulations of feldspathic porcelains Signup and view all the answers

Which company first developed commercial porcelain around 1963?

VITA Zahnfabrik Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic did Ceramco porcelain exhibit that made it more versatile?

Enhanced thermal expansion behavior Signup and view all the answers

What method was used by Peale in 1822 for the porcelain teeth?

A unique baking process Signup and view all the answers

What was introduced by McLean and Hughes in 1965?

Fracture-resistant all-porcelain crowns Signup and view all the answers

What was the fracture rate reported for molar crowns made from aluminous porcelain?

15% Signup and view all the answers

What type of porcelain is required to achieve acceptable aesthetics for aluminous porcelain crowns?

Feldspathic porcelain veneer Signup and view all the answers

Why is marginal adaptation difficult to achieve with aluminous porcelain crowns?

Sintering shrinkage Signup and view all the answers

Which all-ceramic system was developed in 1984 by controlling the crystallization of glass?

Dicor Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume percentage of leucite in IPS Empress, introduced in the early 1990s?

34 vol% Signup and view all the answers

What type of crystals does IPS Empress 2 contain, introduced in the late 1990s?

Lithia disilicate crystals Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal indication for the use of aluminous porcelain crowns?

Restoration of maxillary anterior crowns Signup and view all the answers

Which material's advancement was discussed regarding ceramic-strengthening mechanisms?

Al2O3 and zirconia Signup and view all the answers

What has significantly enhanced the overall appearance and clinical survivability of MC crowns and bridges?

Advancements in MC properties, design, and performance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Early Dental Ceramics

First porcelain teeth (1789): Patented by de Chemant and Duchateau; an improvement over mineral paste teeth, but attachment issues prevented widespread use
Fonzi (1808): Invented "terrometallic" porcelain teeth held by platinum pins/frames
Planteau (1817): Introduced porcelain teeth to the US
Peale (1822): Developed a baking process in Philadelphia for porcelain teeth
Stockton (1825): Began commercial production of porcelain teeth
Ash (1837): Improved porcelain teeth design in England
S.S. White Company (1844): Founded by Stockton's nephew, leading to further refinements and mass production

Feldspathic Porcelain Crowns (Early 1900s-1960s)

Charles Land (1903): Introduced one of the first ceramic crowns, using feldspathic porcelain over a platinum foil matrix.
Key challenges: Low flexural strength of feldspathic porcelain led to frequent fractures; Firing shrinkage caused fitting issues unless corrected.

Advancements in Porcelain (1959-1960s)

Weinstein et al. (1959): Filed patent for feldspathic porcelains with diverse expansion coefficients and chemical bonding to alloys.
VITA Zahnfabrik (circa 1963): Developed the first commercial porcelain.
Ceramco Porcelain (Dentsply Sirona): Introduced in the 1960s; more versatile, enabling use with a wider variety of alloys due to its thermal expansion behavior; improvements in aesthetics and "vitality" of crowns/bridges
Improved properties include opalescence, internal staining, greening-resistant formulations, and various edge types like butt-joints and shoulders

All-Porcelain Crowns (1960s)

McLean and Hughes (1965): Introduced fracture-resistant all-porcelain crowns using dental aluminous core ceramic (glass matrix with Al2O3 fillers) to improve strength.
Aesthetics compromised: Aluminous porcelain had a chalky-white appearance necessitating a feldspathic veneer.
High fracture rate in molars (15%); Anterior crowns 2% fracture rate

All-Ceramic Crowns (1980s-2000s)

Adair and Grossman (1984): Developed a crystallization-control glass ceramic (Dicor).
Dicor MGC variant: Machinable glass-ceramic
IPS Empress (early 1990s): Pressable glass-ceramic with leucite.
IPS Empress 2 (late 1990s): More fracture-resistant pressable glass-ceramic with lithia disilicate crystals .

Summary of Ceramics

Significant progress in ceramic properties and crown-making techniques improved strength, accuracy, and aesthetics of all-ceramic crowns.
Continuous efforts are geared to develop less abrasive veneering ceramics

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Description

Explore the evolution of dental ceramics from the invention of porcelain teeth in 1789 to early feldspathic porcelain crowns used until the 1960s. This quiz covers key milestones, innovations, and challenges faced in the development of dental materials. Test your knowledge of historical advancements in dentistry and their impact on modern practices.