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Questions and Answers
What principle did the adding machine use for addition and subtraction?
What principle did the adding machine use for addition and subtraction?
Which mathematician is known for improving Pascal's Adding Machine?
Which mathematician is known for improving Pascal's Adding Machine?
What technological advancement did punched cards introduce to the process of weaving?
What technological advancement did punched cards introduce to the process of weaving?
What was the primary function of Babbage's Difference Engine?
What was the primary function of Babbage's Difference Engine?
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Which of the following features was NOT incorporated in Babbage's Analytical Engine?
Which of the following features was NOT incorporated in Babbage's Analytical Engine?
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What was unique about the design of Babbage's Analytical Engine?
What was unique about the design of Babbage's Analytical Engine?
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In what year was the concept of punched cards invented?
In what year was the concept of punched cards invented?
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How many decimal places could Babbage's Difference Engine calculate accurately?
How many decimal places could Babbage's Difference Engine calculate accurately?
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What is considered the first known instrument in the history of computers?
What is considered the first known instrument in the history of computers?
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Who developed the idea of logarithms, which transformed multiplication problems into addition problems?
Who developed the idea of logarithms, which transformed multiplication problems into addition problems?
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What significant numeral was invented by India that influenced the development of mathematics?
What significant numeral was invented by India that influenced the development of mathematics?
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What is the most prevalent number system used universally today?
What is the most prevalent number system used universally today?
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Which invention by Blaise Pascal was designed specifically for adding numbers?
Which invention by Blaise Pascal was designed specifically for adding numbers?
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What were the rods developed by John Napier for multiplication called?
What were the rods developed by John Napier for multiplication called?
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Which civilization is credited with the invention of zero?
Which civilization is credited with the invention of zero?
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Which of the following tools did John Napier invent that facilitated calculations?
Which of the following tools did John Napier invent that facilitated calculations?
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Who is known as the First Programmer due to her work on the analytical machine concept?
Who is known as the First Programmer due to her work on the analytical machine concept?
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What innovation did Herman Hollerith create to reduce the time taken for census calculations?
What innovation did Herman Hollerith create to reduce the time taken for census calculations?
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Which of the following correctly describes the Mark-I computer?
Which of the following correctly describes the Mark-I computer?
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ENIAC was significant for being the first what?
ENIAC was significant for being the first what?
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What type of technology did ENIAC primarily use for its computations?
What type of technology did ENIAC primarily use for its computations?
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Which company was the developer of the UNIVAC computer?
Which company was the developer of the UNIVAC computer?
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How much electricity did ENIAC consume during its operation?
How much electricity did ENIAC consume during its operation?
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What was a notable usage of ENIAC by the US Army?
What was a notable usage of ENIAC by the US Army?
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What innovation during the third generation of computers significantly reduced wired interconnections within the CPU?
What innovation during the third generation of computers significantly reduced wired interconnections within the CPU?
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Which of the following advancements was NOT characteristic of third generation computers?
Which of the following advancements was NOT characteristic of third generation computers?
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How much memory capacity did third generation computers achieve at both primary and secondary level?
How much memory capacity did third generation computers achieve at both primary and secondary level?
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What was one major characteristic of mainframes during the third generation of computers?
What was one major characteristic of mainframes during the third generation of computers?
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Which of the following was introduced as a concept during the third generation of computers?
Which of the following was introduced as a concept during the third generation of computers?
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What type of memory was introduced alongside the advancements in third generation computers?
What type of memory was introduced alongside the advancements in third generation computers?
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What was a key feature of the chip technology improvements in the later years of third generation computers?
What was a key feature of the chip technology improvements in the later years of third generation computers?
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Which of the following devices became common during the advancements of third generation computers?
Which of the following devices became common during the advancements of third generation computers?
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Which type of processors are specifically designed to handle I/O operations?
Which type of processors are specifically designed to handle I/O operations?
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What is a key feature of fifth generation computers compared to earlier generations?
What is a key feature of fifth generation computers compared to earlier generations?
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What technological advancement dramatically increased transmission speeds and data quantity?
What technological advancement dramatically increased transmission speeds and data quantity?
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Which programming methodology shifted significantly with the introduction of C++ and Java?
Which programming methodology shifted significantly with the introduction of C++ and Java?
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What is the expected computation speed of fifth generation computers?
What is the expected computation speed of fifth generation computers?
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Which of the following statements about memory size in fifth generation computers is accurate?
Which of the following statements about memory size in fifth generation computers is accurate?
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What is a characteristic feature of advanced databases in the context of distributed data systems?
What is a characteristic feature of advanced databases in the context of distributed data systems?
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What ability will future computers possess regarding language processing?
What ability will future computers possess regarding language processing?
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Study Notes
The Abacus
- The abacus is the first known computing instrument.
- The abacus is a tool used to perform calculations.
Early Calculators
- John Napier developed logarithms, which were later used in the invention of the slide rule.
- Napier also designed Napier's Bones, which were rods that could be used for multiplication.
- Blaise Pascal invented the first adding machine in 1642.
- Pascal's adding machine was based on a clockwork mechanism.
- Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz improved Pascal's adding machine to perform multiplication and division.
Punched Cards
- In 1801, a French weaver used punched cards with holes to control the weaving process.
- Punched cards were used to store information as holes.
- Punched cards were widely used in computing until 1990.
Charles Babbage and the Analytical Engine
- Charles Babbage envisioned the Analytical Engine in 1833.
- Babbage is considered the "Father of Computers" for his design.
- The Analytical Engine was a mechanical machine that could perform calculations.
- The Analytical Engine incorporated features like a central processor, storage memory, and input/output devices.
- Ada Lovelace helped Babbage design the Analytical Engine and is considered the first programmer.
- The Analytical Engine was never built.
The Mark I
- The Mark I was built by Howard Aiken and IBM engineers in 1937.
- The Mark I was an electromagnetic computer that could perform calculations automatically.
- The Mark I was a large machine that occupied several rooms.
ENIAC
- ENIAC was the first electronic computer, developed by a team lead by Prof. Eckert and Mauchy at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) used vacuum tubes as switching devices.
- ENIAC required a large amount of electricity and occupied a significant amount of space.
UNIVAC
- UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first commercial computer.
- UNIVAC was developed by the UNIVAC division of Remington Rand Company in 1951.
Third Generation Computers
- Third generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors.
- Computers used small (SSI) and medium (MSI) scale integrated circuits.
- Semiconductor memories were used in third generation computers, increasing memory capacity.
- The concept of cache memory was introduced.
- Computers were smaller and less expensive.
- Data base management systems emerged.
- Business applications became more automated.
- Mainframes were a key feature of this generation.
Fourth Generation Computers
- Fourth generation computers used large (LSI) and very large (VLSI) scale integrated circuits.
- The use of processors on a single chip led to a large increase in transistors on a chip.
- Common input/output devices, such as floppy disks, compact disks, and touch screens, became popular.
- The size of primary and secondary memory increased.
- Hard disks became the most popular storage media.
- Distributed processing and parallel processing evolved.
- Laptops and hand-held computers highlighted the miniaturization of computers.
- Object-oriented programming languages became prevalent.
- Advanced databases with graphical menus were common.
- The internet changed how businesses operated.
Fifth Generation Computers
- Fifth generation computers will use ultra large scale integrated circuits with millions of transistors and trillions of computations per second.
- These computers will have artificial intelligence and are considered expert systems.
- They will be able to understand and convert natural languages.
- They will be able to self-learn and become more intelligent over time.
- They will be able to use speech and graphics for input and output.
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Description
Explore the evolution of computing instruments from the abacus to Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. This quiz covers key figures and inventions that laid the groundwork for modern computing. Test your knowledge on early calculators and punched cards.
