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Questions and Answers
In a monolithic system, what is the role of the kernel?
What are the two types of modes in the context of system calls and OS?
What type of system has a structure with a collection of procedures, each of which can call any other?
Which figure shows the skeleton for setting up a two-process pipeline in the context of system calls?
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What was the main problem with computers during the second generation?
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What was the process for programmers to run their jobs in the early batch system?
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What was the solution to the high cost and waste of computer time during the second generation?
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What was an ancestor of today's operating systems, as mentioned in the text?
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What is the correct sequence of steps for the read system call in a monolithic system?
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In the basic structure for an OS, what carries out the system calls?
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How is the OS organized in a layered system?
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What does the Conventional Monitor System (CMS) run in virtual machines for timesharing users?
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Study Notes
- Second generation computers introduced reliable computers called mainframes.
- Personnel roles were separated into analyst, designer, tester, and programmer.
- Computers were housed in AC rooms with professional operators.
- Mainframes were expensive, primarily used by government agencies and universities.
- Programmers wrote code on paper using languages like Fortran or Assembly, punched cards, and submitted them for processing.
- Early batch systems were used to manage jobs, with input and output tapes transported between 1401 and 7094 machines.
- Batch systems were introduced to address cost and efficiency issues, with examples like Fortran Monitoring System and IBM operating system.
- Monolithic systems were a common operating system structure, consisting of a collection of procedures that could call each other.
- Monolithic systems had two modes: kernel mode for OS and user mode for users.
- Monolithic systems had a main program, set of service procedures, and utility procedures.
- Layered systems were an extension of monolithic systems, organized as a hierarchy of layers.
- Virtual machines ran on bare hardware and provided multiple virtual machines to the next level.
- Virtual machines could run different operating systems, with examples like Conventional Monitor System for timesharing users.
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Description
Explore the second generation of computers and the introduction of transistors, which led to the development of reliable mainframe computers. Learn about the separation between personnel roles such as analysts, designers, testers, and programmers, as well as the programming process using languages like Fortran and Assembly.
