History of Cognitive Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of cybernetics?

  • The development of cognitive abilities through environmental interactions.
  • The study of the structure and function of information processing systems. (correct)
  • The genetic programming of language in the human brain.
  • The philosophical exploration of human consciousness.

Jean Piaget's work primarily focused on the study of artificial intelligence rather than cognitive development in children.

False (B)

According to George Miller, what event marked the beginning of modern cognitive psychology?

A symposium on information theory sponsored by MIT

Shannon and Weaver's work is recognized for developing __________ which examines how information changes within a communication system.

<p>information theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their primary contribution to cognitive psychology:

<p>Jean Piaget = Cognitive development in children Noam Chomsky = Innate language acquisition George Miller = Identified the start of modern cognitive psychology Shannon and Weaver = Information theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts did Noam Chomsky introduce to the field of cognitive psychology?

<p>The theory that the human brain is pre-programmed to learn language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The work of J.S. Mill, Sir Frederic Bartlett, and Hermann Ebbinghaus had no influence on the development of cognitive psychology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, how does a child's interaction with their enviornment change as their cognitive structure develops?

<p>As a child's cognitive structure becomes more articulated, their interactions with the environment become more complex and adaptive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cognitive dissonance as proposed by Leon Festinger?

<p>A state of discomfort arising from holding conflicting beliefs, leading to motivation to change beliefs or behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Searle, computers possess semantics but lack syntax.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two of the four concepts of attribution discussed by Heider.

<p>Effort, Ability, Task, or Luck</p> Signup and view all the answers

Miller and Bruner founded a center for _______ studies through which Piaget’s ideas were popularized in the United States.

<p>cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their corresponding proponents:

<p>Cognitive Dissonance = Leon Festinger Social Cognitive Theory = Bandura Turing Test = Alan Turing Attribution Theory = Heider</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central claim of proponents of strong AI?

<p>Computers, when appropriately programmed, can genuinely possess minds and mental states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Turing Test?

<p>A test to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandura's social cognitive theory is a relatively new theory and is not widely used today

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between cognitive events and bodily events, according to cognitive psychology?

<p>Both cognitive and bodily events are assumed to occur, necessitating an explanation of their relationship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, computers inherently possess intentionality, similar to human thought processes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental question about human existence is reintroduced when considering whether humans are machines?

<p>What is the nature of human nature?</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neural networks, synaptic changes are simulated by modifiable mathematical _______ among units in the network.

<p>weights</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Cognitive Science = Interdisciplinary field combining psychology, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. Faculty Psychology = The brain is organized into modules, where each module is associated with some specific function. Hebb's Rule = If neurons are successively or simultaneously active, the strength of the connections among them increases. Neural Networks = A model of a complex system of artificial neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a core principle of connectionism, specifically related to how associations among neurons change?

<p>Associations among neurons in the network change as a function of experience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Radical behaviorists, like cognitive psychologists, embrace the concept of the mind as a central component of study.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tradition does the 'computer as a model for human information processing' approach follow?

<p>rationalist tradition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology

The study of human cognitive abilities, explored philosophically and experimentally throughout psychology's history.

Jean Piaget's Contribution

Demonstrated how children's interaction with the environment becomes more complex as their cognitive structure matures.

Cybernetics Definition

The study of the structure and function of information processing systems.

Shannon and Weaver's Theory

Developed information theory, detailing how information transforms within communication systems.

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Noam Chomsky's Language Theory

Argued the human brain is pre-programmed to produce language.

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Language Acquisition Device

Each child is born with brain structures that facilitate language rule learning.

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George Miller's View

Suggests that a symposium on information theory marked the start of modern cognitive psychology.

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Early Cognitive Studies

Early work involved studying human cognitive abilities philosophically and experimentally.

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Miller and Bruner

Founded a center for cognitive studies and popularized Piaget's ideas in the U.S.

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Cognitive Dissonance

Incompatible ideas create discomfort, motivating belief or behavior change.

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Attribution Theory

Explanations for behavior: effort, ability, task, luck.

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Social cognitive theory

Theory focusing on learning through observation and social interaction.

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Ulric Neisser

Authored Cognitive Psychology.

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Artificial Intelligence

Machines manifesting perception, cognition, and learning similar to humans.

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Turing Test

A test to determine if a machine can think.

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Weak AI

Computers simulate but don't truly possess human mental attributes.

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Intentionality

The quality of being directed toward an object or purpose; computers lack this.

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AI's Impact on Human Questions

Using computers to understand human thought; sparked debates about human nature, mind-body relationship, free will.

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Cognitive Science Approach

An approach using computers as a model for understanding human thought processes, following rationalist tradition.

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Faculty Psychology

The idea that the mind is composed of independent modules each responsible for a specific function.

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Mind-Body Problem (Revisited)

The problem of explaining the relationship between physical sensations and mental states; reappeared with cognitive psychology.

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Cognitive Science

An interdisciplinary field studying the mind, involving psychology, philosophy, linguistics, AI, and neuroscience; emerged in the 1970s.

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"Hebb's Rule"

If neurons are active at the same time, the connections become stronger.

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Neural Networks

A computer model of the brain; connections change with experience.

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Study Notes

History of Cognitive Psychology (Pre-1950)

  • Human cognitive abilities were initially explored philosophically and later through experimental methods.
  • Key figures include J.S. Mill, Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett, Fechner, Ebbinghaus, and James.

Cognitive Psychology in the 1950s

  • Jean Piaget's work showed that a child's interactions with their environment become more complex and adaptive.
  • Piaget contributed between the 1930s and 1940s, which revived interest cognitive issues in the 1950s.
  • Cybernetics emerged as the study of the structure and function of information processing systems.
  • Shannon and Weaver initiated information theory
  • Information theory explains transformations of information within a communication system.
  • Noam Chomsky proposed that the human brain is genetically programmed for language.
  • Infants are born with brain structures facilitating language rule acquisition.
  • George Miller believes that a symposium on information theory sponsored by MIT marked the start of modern cognitive psychology.
  • Miller and Bruner created a cognitive studies center, popularizing Piaget's ideas.
  • Lashley and Hebb explored connections among physiology, behavior, and cognitive processes.
  • Leon Festinger stated that incompatible ideas cause cognitive dissonance
  • Cognitive dissonance motivates individuals to change beliefs or behavior.
  • Festinger's description of behavior change theory was developed without behavioral concepts.
  • Heider introduced the concept of attribution; effort, ability, task difficulty and luck.
  • Hovland, Milgram and Zimbardo are also key figures from this period.

Development of cognitive psychology (Post-1950)

  • Social cognitive theory began its early development with Bandura, this theory is still widely used today.
  • Ulric Neisser published Cognitive Psychology.

Artificial Intelligence

  • Artificial intelligence is defined as the capability of machines to manifest processes such as perception, cognition, and learning, similar to humans.
  • Alan Turing questioned whether machines can think and developed the Turing Test.
  • Weak AI says computers can only simulate human mental traits.
  • Strong AI says computers are minds that can understand and have mental states when appropriately programmed.
  • Searle distinguishes between syntax (symbol manipulation) and semantics (symbolic meaning).
  • Computer programs have syntax, not semantics.
  • Human thought has intentionality, which computers lack.
  • The question of whether humans are machines reintroduces debates about human nature.
  • The question of human vs machine brings up the mind-body problem and the lawfulness of human behavior.

Cognitive Science

  • Cognitive science uses computers as models for human information processing.
  • This approach follows the rationalist tradition and includes a strong nativistic component.
  • Information processing signals a return to faculty psychology and the brain contains many modules dedicated to specific functions.
  • Cognitive science assumes the existence of a mind, reintroducing the mind-body problem.
  • Psychologists, philosophers, anthropologists, linguists, neuroscientists, engineers, and computer scientists combined efforts to create cognitive science in the 1970s.

Connectionism

  • Hebb's rule: If neurons are activated simultaneously, connections strengthen.
  • Neural networks are complex systems of artificial neurons.
  • Associations among neurons change with experience, mirroring the brain.
  • Synaptic changes are simulated mathematically in neural networks.
  • Active connections among units increase through mathematical adjustments.
  • Learning involves changing excitation and inhibition patterns (mathematical weights) in neural networks.
  • Back propagation systems need a "teacher" to provide feedback on performance.
  • NETtalk is an example of words being fed into the system which are then coded into phonemes.
  • Training involves modulating weights, which reduces differences between input and output.

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Description

Explore the early history of cognitive psychology, from philosophical roots to experimental methods pioneered by figures like Mill and Ebbinghaus. Discover Piaget's impact on understanding children's cognitive development and the rise of cybernetics. Learn about information theory and Chomsky's theories on innate language capabilities.

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