Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the focus of cybernetics?
Which of the following best describes the focus of cybernetics?
- The development of cognitive abilities through environmental interactions.
- The study of the structure and function of information processing systems. (correct)
- The genetic programming of language in the human brain.
- The philosophical exploration of human consciousness.
Jean Piaget's work primarily focused on the study of artificial intelligence rather than cognitive development in children.
Jean Piaget's work primarily focused on the study of artificial intelligence rather than cognitive development in children.
False (B)
According to George Miller, what event marked the beginning of modern cognitive psychology?
According to George Miller, what event marked the beginning of modern cognitive psychology?
A symposium on information theory sponsored by MIT
Shannon and Weaver's work is recognized for developing __________ which examines how information changes within a communication system.
Shannon and Weaver's work is recognized for developing __________ which examines how information changes within a communication system.
Match the following individuals with their primary contribution to cognitive psychology:
Match the following individuals with their primary contribution to cognitive psychology:
Which of the following concepts did Noam Chomsky introduce to the field of cognitive psychology?
Which of the following concepts did Noam Chomsky introduce to the field of cognitive psychology?
The work of J.S. Mill, Sir Frederic Bartlett, and Hermann Ebbinghaus had no influence on the development of cognitive psychology.
The work of J.S. Mill, Sir Frederic Bartlett, and Hermann Ebbinghaus had no influence on the development of cognitive psychology.
According to Piaget, how does a child's interaction with their enviornment change as their cognitive structure develops?
According to Piaget, how does a child's interaction with their enviornment change as their cognitive structure develops?
Which of the following best describes cognitive dissonance as proposed by Leon Festinger?
Which of the following best describes cognitive dissonance as proposed by Leon Festinger?
According to Searle, computers possess semantics but lack syntax.
According to Searle, computers possess semantics but lack syntax.
Name two of the four concepts of attribution discussed by Heider.
Name two of the four concepts of attribution discussed by Heider.
Miller and Bruner founded a center for _______ studies through which Piaget’s ideas were popularized in the United States.
Miller and Bruner founded a center for _______ studies through which Piaget’s ideas were popularized in the United States.
Match the following concepts with their corresponding proponents:
Match the following concepts with their corresponding proponents:
What is the central claim of proponents of strong AI?
What is the central claim of proponents of strong AI?
Which of the following best describes the Turing Test?
Which of the following best describes the Turing Test?
Bandura's social cognitive theory is a relatively new theory and is not widely used today
Bandura's social cognitive theory is a relatively new theory and is not widely used today
Which of the following best describes the relationship between cognitive events and bodily events, according to cognitive psychology?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between cognitive events and bodily events, according to cognitive psychology?
According to the content, computers inherently possess intentionality, similar to human thought processes.
According to the content, computers inherently possess intentionality, similar to human thought processes.
What fundamental question about human existence is reintroduced when considering whether humans are machines?
What fundamental question about human existence is reintroduced when considering whether humans are machines?
In the context of neural networks, synaptic changes are simulated by modifiable mathematical _______ among units in the network.
In the context of neural networks, synaptic changes are simulated by modifiable mathematical _______ among units in the network.
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a core principle of connectionism, specifically related to how associations among neurons change?
Which of the following is a core principle of connectionism, specifically related to how associations among neurons change?
Radical behaviorists, like cognitive psychologists, embrace the concept of the mind as a central component of study.
Radical behaviorists, like cognitive psychologists, embrace the concept of the mind as a central component of study.
What tradition does the 'computer as a model for human information processing' approach follow?
What tradition does the 'computer as a model for human information processing' approach follow?
Flashcards
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
The study of human cognitive abilities, explored philosophically and experimentally throughout psychology's history.
Jean Piaget's Contribution
Jean Piaget's Contribution
Demonstrated how children's interaction with the environment becomes more complex as their cognitive structure matures.
Cybernetics Definition
Cybernetics Definition
The study of the structure and function of information processing systems.
Shannon and Weaver's Theory
Shannon and Weaver's Theory
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Noam Chomsky's Language Theory
Noam Chomsky's Language Theory
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Language Acquisition Device
Language Acquisition Device
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George Miller's View
George Miller's View
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Early Cognitive Studies
Early Cognitive Studies
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Miller and Bruner
Miller and Bruner
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Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance
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Attribution Theory
Attribution Theory
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Social cognitive theory
Social cognitive theory
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Ulric Neisser
Ulric Neisser
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Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
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Turing Test
Turing Test
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Weak AI
Weak AI
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Intentionality
Intentionality
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AI's Impact on Human Questions
AI's Impact on Human Questions
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Cognitive Science Approach
Cognitive Science Approach
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Faculty Psychology
Faculty Psychology
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Mind-Body Problem (Revisited)
Mind-Body Problem (Revisited)
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Cognitive Science
Cognitive Science
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"Hebb's Rule"
"Hebb's Rule"
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Neural Networks
Neural Networks
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Study Notes
History of Cognitive Psychology (Pre-1950)
- Human cognitive abilities were initially explored philosophically and later through experimental methods.
- Key figures include J.S. Mill, Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett, Fechner, Ebbinghaus, and James.
Cognitive Psychology in the 1950s
- Jean Piaget's work showed that a child's interactions with their environment become more complex and adaptive.
- Piaget contributed between the 1930s and 1940s, which revived interest cognitive issues in the 1950s.
- Cybernetics emerged as the study of the structure and function of information processing systems.
- Shannon and Weaver initiated information theory
- Information theory explains transformations of information within a communication system.
- Noam Chomsky proposed that the human brain is genetically programmed for language.
- Infants are born with brain structures facilitating language rule acquisition.
- George Miller believes that a symposium on information theory sponsored by MIT marked the start of modern cognitive psychology.
- Miller and Bruner created a cognitive studies center, popularizing Piaget's ideas.
- Lashley and Hebb explored connections among physiology, behavior, and cognitive processes.
- Leon Festinger stated that incompatible ideas cause cognitive dissonance
- Cognitive dissonance motivates individuals to change beliefs or behavior.
- Festinger's description of behavior change theory was developed without behavioral concepts.
- Heider introduced the concept of attribution; effort, ability, task difficulty and luck.
- Hovland, Milgram and Zimbardo are also key figures from this period.
Development of cognitive psychology (Post-1950)
- Social cognitive theory began its early development with Bandura, this theory is still widely used today.
- Ulric Neisser published Cognitive Psychology.
Artificial Intelligence
- Artificial intelligence is defined as the capability of machines to manifest processes such as perception, cognition, and learning, similar to humans.
- Alan Turing questioned whether machines can think and developed the Turing Test.
- Weak AI says computers can only simulate human mental traits.
- Strong AI says computers are minds that can understand and have mental states when appropriately programmed.
- Searle distinguishes between syntax (symbol manipulation) and semantics (symbolic meaning).
- Computer programs have syntax, not semantics.
- Human thought has intentionality, which computers lack.
- The question of whether humans are machines reintroduces debates about human nature.
- The question of human vs machine brings up the mind-body problem and the lawfulness of human behavior.
Cognitive Science
- Cognitive science uses computers as models for human information processing.
- This approach follows the rationalist tradition and includes a strong nativistic component.
- Information processing signals a return to faculty psychology and the brain contains many modules dedicated to specific functions.
- Cognitive science assumes the existence of a mind, reintroducing the mind-body problem.
- Psychologists, philosophers, anthropologists, linguists, neuroscientists, engineers, and computer scientists combined efforts to create cognitive science in the 1970s.
Connectionism
- Hebb's rule: If neurons are activated simultaneously, connections strengthen.
- Neural networks are complex systems of artificial neurons.
- Associations among neurons change with experience, mirroring the brain.
- Synaptic changes are simulated mathematically in neural networks.
- Active connections among units increase through mathematical adjustments.
- Learning involves changing excitation and inhibition patterns (mathematical weights) in neural networks.
- Back propagation systems need a "teacher" to provide feedback on performance.
- NETtalk is an example of words being fed into the system which are then coded into phonemes.
- Training involves modulating weights, which reduces differences between input and output.
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Description
Explore the early history of cognitive psychology, from philosophical roots to experimental methods pioneered by figures like Mill and Ebbinghaus. Discover Piaget's impact on understanding children's cognitive development and the rise of cybernetics. Learn about information theory and Chomsky's theories on innate language capabilities.