History of Cognitive Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary focus of the 1943 article by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts?

  • The comparison of human brains to computers. (correct)
  • The limitations of computers in human behavior.
  • The development of Turing machines.
  • The effectiveness of behaviorism as a psychological model.

    • What argument did Karl Lashley present against behaviorism's S-R models?

  • Computers can be programmed to replicate human thought.
  • Human thinking cannot be represented solely through strings of S-R connections. (correct)
  • S-R models accurately represent human behavior.
  • Behavior is completely controlled by external stimuli.

    • Which issue does the concept of the homunculus address in the context of behavior?

  • The existence of a decision-maker within the brain controlling actions. (correct)
  • The role of external stimuli in decision making.
  • The reliance of behaviorists on quantitative measurements.
  • The innate programming of machines to mimic human behavior.

    • What was a key outcome of the 1948 California workshop regarding behavior and computers?

    <p>Increasing acceptance of the purposiveness of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did B.F. Skinner accuse Edward Tolman of failing to explain in his experiments with rats?

    <p>The reality of behavior without a central decision-maker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year is associated with the rise of cognitive psychology?

    <p>1956</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychology paradigm was emphasized in Europe particularly during the rise of behaviourism?

    <p>Gestalt Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does radical behaviourism emphasize in its approach to studying behavior?

    <p>Inductive scientific methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cognitive psychology primarily view behavior in comparison to behaviourism?

    <p>As influenced by invisible cognitive factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique introduced by J. Ridley Stroop is commonly used in cognitive psychology?

    <p>Stroop Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of behaviour does radical behaviourism particularly focus on, according to Chiesa in 1994?

    <p>Environmental factors influencing behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a notable influence on both cognitive psychology and behaviourism?

    <p>Gestalt Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism that some researchers have against cognitive psychology?

    <p>It overlooks individual variations in behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Karl Lashley challenge in his discussion on behavior?

    <p>Radical behaviorism's tenets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept of logical operations using values 0 and 1?

    <p>George Boole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did technological advances during WWII influence views on human cognition?

    <p>They led to a new understanding of information handling by the human brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Alan Turing demonstrate about simple machines based on Boolean logic?

    <p>They could simulate more complex machines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of multiple brain regions and neural circuits in processing information?

    <p>Complex interactions mediated by neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in technology during World War II that impacted cognitive science?

    <p>Engineers developed machines with enhanced communication and information handling capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the implications of information being represented as logical operations?

    <p>It provides a framework for understanding the intersection of technology and cognitive science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the outcomes of the early development of computers by the end of World War II?

    <p>The ability of computers to store and transform information using algorithms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Georg Sperling's research?

    <p>To investigate memory trace loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Sperling test the immediate memory of participants in his experiment?

    <p>Using a tone cue to indicate which row to recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon did Sperling aim to demonstrate with his findings?

    <p>The ability to store full information for a brief period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model did Sperling's findings support?

    <p>Broadbent's model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a baseline for language acquisition according to Chomsky?

    <p>Innate knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the critical roles of grammatical information in language acquisition?

    <p>It is a learned aspect based on innate knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What overall question does the content raise about behaviourism and cognitive psychology?

    <p>Has cognitive psychology replaced behaviourism?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements aligns with the conclusions of Sperling's experiment?

    <p>Less stimuli can be remembered when named.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core idea of Classical Behaviorism?

    <p>Behavior is learned through environmental conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Radical Behaviorism differ from Classical Behaviorism?

    <p>It considers the impact of reinforcements and punishments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concepts are associated with Purposive Behaviorism?

    <p>Cognitive maps and latent learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant movement emerged after World War II in response to Behaviorism?

    <p>Cognitive Psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Hixon Symposium held in 1948?

    <p>Cerebral mechanisms in behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist introduced the concept of operant conditioning?

    <p>B.F. Skinner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did cognitive psychology primarily emphasize after its emergence?

    <p>The importance of cognitive processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Classical Behaviorism?

    <p>Consideration of cognitive processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows for comparing current performance levels with desired outcomes?

    <p>Information feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pivotal event in 1956 is associated with the emergence of cognitive psychology?

    <p>End of the behaviorism era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do psychologists relate to software engineering as highlighted in the content?

    <p>They develop programs simulating human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept was previously required for explaining certain types of behavior before the rise of information feedback?

    <p>Humunculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key concept in cognitive psychology that emerged due to advances in computer capabilities?

    <p>Information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does an algorithm play in the context of cognitive psychology?

    <p>A list of instructions converting input to output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best summarizes the impact of the computer age on perceptions of intelligence?

    <p>It showed machines could perform tasks traditionally requiring human intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who published an influential article on the limits of short-term memory in 1956?

    <p>George Miller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    History of Cognitive Psychology

    • Hixon Symposium (1948): A key event, scientists including mathematicians and neurophysiologists compared the mind to information-processing machines
    • Criticisms of Behaviorism: The Hixon Symposium challenged behavioral theories, emphasizing information processing instead of just observable behavior.
    • Warren McCulloch (1898-1969): Neurophysiologist who contributed to cybernetics; co-authored "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" which demonstrated a Turing machine could use a network of neurons, and the neuron as the basic logic unit of the brain.
    • Karl Lashley (1890-1958): Zoologist/psychologist who studied learning through observing rats with cortical lesions; later highlighted limitations in behaviorist theories, emphasizing that complex sequential tasks require hierarchical control, not simply signals traveling up and down the brain.
    • John von Neumann (1903-1957): Mathematician, physicist, and computer scientist that made major contributions to computation, self-replicating machines and game theory.

    The Dartmouth Workshop (1956)

    • Key event in the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI): Key figures in AI and Cognitive Psychology including John McCarthy convened this influential event
    • Claude Shannon (1916-2001): Developed information theory, defining information mathematically, analyzing how information can be transmitted, and how it can be reconstructed with low probability of error.
    • Allen Newell & Herbert Simon: Developed the General Problem Solver (GPS) program, a computer program that could solve simple problems.
    • Marvin Minsky & Oliver Selfridge: Pioneered artificial neural networks, inspired by biological neural networks.

    Noam Chomsky: Universal Grammar

    • Critique of Behaviorism: Argued that behaviorist models couldn't explain how children learn language so quickly
    • Innate Mechanisms: Proposed that language acquisition is partly due to innate (universal) syntactic structures & grammatical principles..
    • Chomsky's Evolving Views: Later expanded his views, describing a grammar primarily focused on computational recursion.

    The Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies (1960)

    • George Miller (1920-2012): Foundational work in information processing, noting the human memory span ~7 items. Suggested memory is not limited by "bits" but by "chunks"
    • Jerome Bruner (1915-2016): Led this intellectual movement
    • Contributions: Facilitated the study of internal representations and processes, re-opened dialogue with psychologists abroad whose research was not impacted by behaviorism, and helped train a generation of psychologists
    • Purpose: To study the mind and the nature of internal representations by examining the internal process in the way computers process information.

    Connectionism (Parallel Distributed Processing)

    • Rumelhart & McClelland (1986): Proposed connectionism as a tool for explaining mental abilities through artificial neural networks.
    • Neural Networks: Simplified models of the brain, comprised of interconnected units that form connections based on their impact.
    • Focus: Connectionism challenged innate, grammatical principles. It offered a mechanistic alternative with learnable connections.

    Cognitive Psychology: Theses and Methods

    • Information Processing Models: Diagrams used to depict information/process storage and transmission. Boxes represented temporary stores of information, and arrows represented processes transforming and transmitting the information.
    • Broadbent's Filter Model (1958): Outlined stages of a filter-based attentional system.

    Cognitive Science and the Cognitive Revolution

    • Marr's Levels: Suggested three levels (Computational, Algorithmic, and Implementational) to understand information-processing systems.
    • David Marr (1945-1980): Integrated results from psychology, artificial intelligence, and neurophysiology, producing a new model of vision.
    • Overall Summary: The cognitive revolution spurred a shift towards cognitive science; research into different computational models, with debates regarding mechanist explanations & the interplay of nature and nurture.

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    Cognitive Psychology Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the significant milestones in cognitive psychology, including the pivotal Hixon Symposium of 1948. Learn how figures like Warren McCulloch and Karl Lashley contributed to the evolution of the field by challenging behaviorism and emphasizing the importance of information processing in understanding the mind.

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