Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who is known as the FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY?
Who is known as the FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY?
Antoine Lavoisier
What gas was shown to be required for combustion, contrary to the previous concept of phlogiston?
What gas was shown to be required for combustion, contrary to the previous concept of phlogiston?
Oxygen
Who isolated morphine for the first time and from what source?
Who isolated morphine for the first time and from what source?
Friedrich Serturner isolated morphine from Morpheus (the Greek god of Dreams).
What unproven principle is associated with Samuel Hahnemann?
What unproven principle is associated with Samuel Hahnemann?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Samuel Hahnemann, what was the cause of chronic diseases?
According to Samuel Hahnemann, what was the cause of chronic diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is credited with the isolation of emetine from ipecacuanha?
Who is credited with the isolation of emetine from ipecacuanha?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Bienaime Caventou known for in the field of chemistry?
What is Bienaime Caventou known for in the field of chemistry?
Signup and view all the answers
The unprecedented increase in human life expectancy, which has almost doubled in a hundred years, is mainly due to the discovery of drugs.
The unprecedented increase in human life expectancy, which has almost doubled in a hundred years, is mainly due to the discovery of drugs.
Signup and view all the answers
Drugs can only treat diseases symptomatically and cannot cure them.
Drugs can only treat diseases symptomatically and cannot cure them.
Signup and view all the answers
Sanitation and good hygiene have not played a significant role in the increase of human life expectancy.
Sanitation and good hygiene have not played a significant role in the increase of human life expectancy.
Signup and view all the answers
The therapeutic properties of plants were described by Romans and are recorded in the writings of Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galenus.
The therapeutic properties of plants were described by Romans and are recorded in the writings of Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galenus.
Signup and view all the answers
Metals and metal salts were not used in ancient times for medicinal purposes.
Metals and metal salts were not used in ancient times for medicinal purposes.
Signup and view all the answers
'Materia Medica' and pharmacopeias in the Middle Ages did not bring together traditional uses of plants.
'Materia Medica' and pharmacopeias in the Middle Ages did not bring together traditional uses of plants.
Signup and view all the answers
John Gerard, John Parkinson, and Nicolas Culpeper were herbalists who provided insight into the widespread use of herbs in history.
John Gerard, John Parkinson, and Nicolas Culpeper were herbalists who provided insight into the widespread use of herbs in history.
Signup and view all the answers
Paracelsus glorified Mercury as a cure-all during the Middle Ages.
Paracelsus glorified Mercury as a cure-all during the Middle Ages.
Signup and view all the answers
The shift from Greco-Roman studies to Arabian alchemist Paracelsus marked advancements in chemistry and physics.
The shift from Greco-Roman studies to Arabian alchemist Paracelsus marked advancements in chemistry and physics.
Signup and view all the answers
'Pen T Sao' was a European pharmacopoeia that played a significant role in medication development.
'Pen T Sao' was a European pharmacopoeia that played a significant role in medication development.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Historical Milestones in Drug Development
- Caffeine, colchicine, quinine, strychnine, and veratrine were pivotal natural products in early pharmacology.
- Significant mass production of quinine sulfate (3,600 kg) and extraction from cinchona bark (1,500 kg) achieved in 1845.
- Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe synthesized acetic acid (CH3COOH) in 1856, marking advances in organic chemistry.
- Pierre Berthelot accomplished the synthesis of methane (CH4) in 1878, further expanding chemical knowledge.
- John Newport Langley introduced the Lock & Key concept of biological receptors in 1886, foundational for pharmacology.
- First liquid alkaloid synthesis, coniine from Conium maculatum, was achieved in 1897, showcasing the capabilities in alkaloid chemistry.
- Paul Ehrlich developed the sidechain theory, linking the structure of molecules to their germicidal properties, and discovered Salvarsan (1909-1910) for syphilis treatment, known as the “first magic bullet.”
- Bayer launched the first mass-produced synthetic drug, aspirin (C9H8O4) in 1858, revolutionizing pain management.
- August Kekulé visualized the ring structure of benzene (C6H6) in 1860, a crucial moment in organic chemistry.
- Albert Niemann isolated cocaine from coca leaves in 1864; physostigmine emerged as the first herbal treatment for glaucoma.
20th Century Developments
- Gerhard Domagk introduced Prontosil (1929), a red dye effective against gram-positive bacteria.
- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin (1929), marking the advent of antibiotics.
- Sydney Smith isolated digoxin from Digitalis purpurea in 1950, enhancing heart disease treatment.
- Carl Djerassi synthesized norethindrone (1956), the first orally active contraceptive steroid.
- John Rock demonstrated the efficacy of progesterone with norethindrone as an oral contraceptive (1963).
- Moeroe E. Wall and Mosukh C. Wani discovered paclitaxel (Taxol) in 1964, used in cancer chemotherapy.
- Rafael Mechoulam determined the structure of tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC) in 1978, contributing to cannabis research.
- Biotech company Genentech and City of Hope National Medical Center produced human insulin using recombinant DNA technology in 1982.
- Lilly’s Humulin became the first genetically engineered drug approved by the FDA.
Influence of Natural Origins on Pharmaceuticals
- Over 50% of current drugs have origins in plants, animals, or minerals used historically for treating diseases.
- Discoveries in pharmaceuticals represent significant insight, determination, and luck from researchers across various scientific fields.
- Recognition is due to earlier scientists for their innovative contributions to developing drugs for diverse illnesses.
- Woods and Fildes (1940) noted the antagonistic action of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on bacteriostatic drugs.
- Chlorpromazine, launched in 1951, is recognized as a major breakthrough in psychiatric treatment.
- Ciba-Geigy introduced the first dibenzazepine antidepressant, imipramine, in 1957.
- Oxytocin, identified by Henry Dale in 1904, is connected to emotional bonding.
- Insulin was discovered by Frederick Banting & Charles Best in 1921, crucial for Type 1 diabetes management.
- Akira Endo discovered Mevastatin, the first anti-cholesterol drug from Penicillium citrinum, advancing cardiovascular health.
- Fluoxetine emerged as a successful SSRI for various mental health disorders.
- Diazepam (Valium®), introduced in 1963, was 10 times more potent than its predecessor, chlordiazepoxide, enhancing treatment for anxiety and insomnia.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key milestones in chemistry history, from the mass production of natural products to the synthesis of compounds like acetic acid and methane. Learn about notable achievements such as the isolation of quinine sulfate and the concept of biological receptors.
